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This episode contains content that may not be suitable for everyone. Please use discretion.
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How did Leonard Rheinlander and Alice Jones meet? >> They had a meet-cute. They had the 1920s
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version of a meet-cute. He was driving on a road near her house and [music] um had car trouble.
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And actually, I should say it was a meet-cute [music] once removed because he actually met her sister Grace first.
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>> It was September of 1921. >> [music] >> Grace Jones struck up a conversation with Leonard and his friends.
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The next [music] day, Leonard met her older sister, Alice. >> And from then on, they were as
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inseparable as they could be. >> Writer and producer, Laura Wexler. >> Alice was fiery.
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She was funny. She loved music. Leonard loved music, too, and they really, as they [music] sort of courted each other,
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really bonded over music and film. >> Leonard and Alice would go to the movies together and like to take long drives.
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>> [music] >> When they met, Alice was 22. Leonard was 18. >> Leonard had grown [music] up in a very
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wealthy family. Um the Rheinlanders. They were people who had come over from Europe
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to New Amsterdam and helped to settle and establish um the town of New Rochelle,
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which actually is where Leonard and Alice met and where she lived. So, his family had, you know, from the 1600s
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when they got here, had bought land, built ships, really expanded and grown their wealth until,
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you know, at the point at which Leonard and Alice meet, the Rhinelander family is second only to
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the Astors as owners of New York City real estate. So, everybody knew who the Rhinelanders were. They were sort of the
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closest thing to American aristocracy. >> Leonard was the youngest child of Philip
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and Adelaide Rhinelander. When he was 13, his mother died in an accident. An alcohol lamp she was using to curl
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her hair exploded. Growing up, Leonard was known to be extremely shy. He also had a stutter.
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>> At the time, stuttering was seen to be a mental issue. And so, even though he
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was part of the elite, he was not one of, you know, the shining stars of the family.
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>> At the time that Leonard met Alice, he was enrolled in a school that served as
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an inpatient clinic for people suffering from nervous disorders. >> He's kind of hidden away from the family
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and society, and it it feels like it's kind of a last-ditch effort to try to cure him of this stutter and
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make him into a son that the father would be proud of. >> And what about Alice's family?
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>> Alice's family were immigrants. Her parents came over from England in 1891. So, the Rhinelanders had already been
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here for more than 200 years. And Alice's parents, George and Elizabeth Jones, had both been servants
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on an English estate. Her father was a coachman and her mother was a cook. >> When Alice's parents arrived in America,
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her father worked a variety of jobs. Alice and her sisters eventually went to work as maids.
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>> So, they were very much working class. >> In December of 1921, Alice and Leonard
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drove into New York City where they were going to see a play. >> [music] >> They ended up getting a room at the
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Hotel Marie Antoinette where Leonard registered them as a husband and wife named Mr. and Mrs.
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James Smith. [music] They stayed there for 5 days. The next month, they went back to the
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hotel. >> [music] >> It's pretty clear that the chauffeur, the family chauffeur,
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um [music] lets Philip Rheinlander, Leonard's father, know that Leonard and Alice
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>> [music] >> have um taken a room at the Hotel Marie Antoinette and are having basically, you
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know, a love fest there. So, acting on this tip, Philip Rheinlander sends his lawyer
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to um the Hotel Marie Antoinette. He bangs on the door and discovers them and then immediately
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separates them. >> Philip Rheinlander sent his son away. Leonard went on long trips to Cuba,
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Bermuda, and San Francisco. His father even enrolled him at a ranch school in Arizona.
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>> They were worried about Leonard being with a woman who was a maid. Philip Rheinlander's brother,
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um about 30, 40 years before, had married a housemaid. And he had been excommunicated from the
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family and had died poor and sick and you know, never was invited back into the family and in fact was buried
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outside the the family mausoleum. So, Philip Rheinlander in a way was following the family rules. This was
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their playbook. >> But, Alice and Leonard kept writing to each other. >> Over the next 2 years, they wrote 700
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letters, maybe even more, back and forth to each other. >> When Leonard turned 21 in 1924,
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he inherited more than $300,000 from his grandfather. He immediately got on a train to New
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Rochelle, back to Alice. >> He sort of went rogue, went immediately to Alice's house before he even, you
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know, saw any member of his family, and they reunited. >> A few months later, Alice and Leonard
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got married in New Rochelle. >> And not only does his father not know, but her parents, or at least her father,
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they don't know that they're going to get married either until after it's done. >> Before they were married, Alice's father
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had told Leonard that he didn't think he should propose. >> George Jones basically says to Leonard,
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"This marriage can never work because the class difference is too great. You can't span this class difference between
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you, you know, uh the aristocracy, and Alice, who is of English working people."
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So, his reservations about the marriage had everything to do with class, which had everything to do
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with how he understood society from his years in England. >> Still, once they were married, Alice's
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parents let them move in with them while they were busy setting up their new apartment.
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>> They bought dishes, they bought linens, and all of that was like it was very, you
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know, romantic and wholesome. You know, as romantic as this was, Leonard was living a double life.
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Even though they were married, he still didn't want his father to know that he had married Alice. And so,
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Monday through Friday, he was living at his father's house and working in the family real estate company.
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And on after work on the weekdays, he would come out and eat dinner with Alice and her family and go back. And then on
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the weekends, he would come and he would live with them. They were planning to tell his father
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that they were married by having a party once their apartment got set up. And so,
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even as Leonard was prepared to be excommunicated, there was also this hope that
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once his father saw how happy he was, that the father and the family would welcome them.
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>> [music] >> But they never got a chance to have the party because the news leaked to the
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newspapers. >> [music] >> On Friday, November 14th, 1924, the Daily News ran an article about
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Alice and Leonard's marriage. The headline read, "Blue Blood Weds Colored Girl."
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>> And from there, the newspapers say she's the daughter of a black man. >> [music]
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>> Reporters wrote that George Jones, Alice's father, was, quote, "a colored coachman who was, quote, generally
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believed here to have West Indian blood in his veins." Alice's skin was described in the papers
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as {quote} coffee colored. >> So, it's not only the rich, poor >> [music] >> Cinderella angle, but it's the
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you know, black and blue blood, and you know, contrast. >> When the news breaks [music] and the
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newspapers are publishing these headlines, how does the couple react initially? >> Initially, they both deny it. They say
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that they're going to sue the newspapers for for printing lies. >> Alice told one reporter,
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"I'm going to sue the papers that have called my father colored. I'm going to file suit for libel."
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One paper said that Leonard urged his wife to answer questions calmly to quote help clear things up.
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Newspapers started printing stories about their marriage every day. Leonard and Alice went into hiding at
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her parents' house in New Rochelle. >> There's just, you know, crowds of onlookers, crowds of press.
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Um the police are called to kind of prevent people from getting too close to the house.
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You know, someone throws a rock through the window. So, after a week, they're really looking to escape.
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>> Leonard Rhinelander's father had issued a statement that his son had married without his
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knowledge. >> Behind the scenes, of course, this is their worst nightmare. You know, he he
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had been worried that Leonard had been found with a you know, woman far below his social
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status and took extreme measures exiling Leonard from New York for 2 years because of that. Now,
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you know, this is this is orders of magnitude worse. You know, there's a threat that
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you know, this bloodline of the Rhinelander's that they've protected and have been so proud of
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for 200 years is is going to be, you know, contaminated. That's how they see it, contaminated by non-white blood. And
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this is this is horrific to them. The 1920s, this is the height of the clan. Um They have 4 million members. They're
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absolutely a mainstream organization. And this is the height of the American Eugenics movement. [music]
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>> The Rhinelander family sent a lawyer to Alice's parents' house, who said he could help the couple
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relocate. >> Somehow he convinces them that the best way to do [music] this is for him to
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take Leonard separately and go look for a place and then return for Alice >> [music]
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>> the next day and take her to him. So, that's the plan. He takes Leonard. They drive off in a
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limousine. And that is the last time that [music] Alice sees Leonard until she sees him in court [music]
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a year later. >> I'm Phoebe Judge. This is Criminal. >> [music] >> We'll be right back.
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To listen without [music] ads, join Criminal Plus. Alice Rhinelander spent days waiting to
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hear from Leonard after he left her parents' house with his family lawyer. >> At a certain point,
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she realizes that he has been, you know, essentially kidnapped as as one of the newspapers calls it.
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>> And then, about a week after Leonard left, the Rhinelander's lawyer came to the house again.
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>> Not to take Alice, to meet Leonard so they can continue their married life, but to serve her
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with legal papers indicating that he is suing her for annulment charging that she committed racial fraud
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by pretending to be a white woman when in fact she was not. >> That same day, a messenger delivered a
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letter from Leonard. It said, "I hope you will win this case. Get the best lawyer."
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Both of Alice's parents had been born in England. Her father, George, didn't know
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much about his father, but described him as being a {quote} native of one of the
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British colonies. Alice's father, George, had brown skin. >> In Alice and her family's understanding,
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[music] they are not black. To them, the term black means African-American. It means an American
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black person. They are English. And Alice again and again and her family again and again [music] are say, you
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know, "My father is English. He has dark skin because his father was from an English colony,
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probably India, but he's English and his mother was white. So, we don't identify with being
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black, negro, or colored." That was how they had lived their lives. That, of course, was not the view of
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most Americans at the time, which was if you have dark skin, you're black, you're negro, or you're
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colored depending on Sometimes those terms had slightly different definitions, sometimes they didn't.
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But she has to be either black or white. Really, that's that's just how the American racial understanding went.
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So, she's stuck in this racial binary as soon as this news comes out. >> In 1924, interracial marriage was
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illegal in more than half of the states. But it was legal in New York where Alice
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and Leonard had gotten married. >> What that means for the Rhinelander family is that getting
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Leonard out of this marriage is is not going to be as simple as it would have been, say, in Virginia or Georgia
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where if, you know, he had been able to show proof that Alice wasn't white, automatically the the marriage would
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have been invalidated. So, they're they're in this tricky position here in New York, which is
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interracial marriage is legal and divorce is very hard to get. Like, divorce, I think until the '70s in New York was
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only allowable in cases of adultery. So, he wasn't going to be able to get a divorce. There was no way he was going
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to prove that Alice had, you know, been adulterous to him. So, annulment is really his his only legal option.
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And the other benefit of annulment is that it, you know, it erases the marriage completely. So, for the
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Rhinelanders who, you know, are losing their minds about the possibility of this stain on their
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proud family lineage, it would make it as if it had never happened. It would disappear
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the marriage and Alice com- completely. >> In order to get an annulment, the Rhinelander's would have to prove that
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Alice had defrauded Leonard by leading him to believe she was white when she wasn't.
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>> Her defense is she is white, so she didn't commit fraud. Therefore, the marriage should stand.
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>> The annulment trial began in November of 1925 in White Plains, New York. Newspapers reported that Mrs.
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Rhinelander has repeatedly declared her faith in Leonard and has steadfastly refused huge sums of money said to have
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been offered to her by the Rhinelander clan in lieu of her husband. Leonard's lawyer, Isaac Mills, began by
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describing his client as a {quote} weak, utterly unsophisticated young man upon whom, Mills said,
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no woman had ever smiled until he encountered Alice Jones. He said Leonard suffered from an illness
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that {quote} affects both his speech and his mind. Leonard's lawyer claimed that Alice had
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told Leonard before they were married that she was white when in fact, {quote} she was colored
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and of colored blood. >> The main piece of evidence that his lawyers present at trial is that on her
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birth certificate, Alice had been marked as black. Even though on the census many years the
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family was listed as white and Alice was listed as white. And even though when she and Leonard got married at the New
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Rochelle City Hall, she was identified as white by the clerk. The fact that she had been identified as
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black on her birth certificate carried a lot of weight. >> When it was time for Alice's lawyer, Lee
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Parsons Davis, to present his opening statements, he did something that took everyone by
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surprise. >> He stands up during his opening statement and he says, "We're going to
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concede that Alice Rhinelander has colored blood. Our defense will be that Leonard knew
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and that therefore there was no fraud." >> Alice's lawyer told the court that Leonard Rhinelander had spent lots of
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time with Alice's family at her house, including with her father. He said that Leonard's lawyer should not
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have claimed that Leonard was, quote, "mentally unsound, but instead blind when he asserted the young man was
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deceived about Alice's color." >> What happens once this concession is made is that the focus of
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the trial moves off of Alice and on to Leonard. So, his lawyer needs to show that
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Leonard truly believed she was white, so he didn't know, and the reason he didn't
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know was A, he was mentally backward, as he said, and B, Alice, through her, you know, according to him, lascivious
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ways, [music] had bewitched Leonard to the point where, as he says during trial, Leonard
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[music] could no longer tell black from white. >> Against Leonard's wishes, his lawyers
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had taken letters that Alice had written to him and submitted them as evidence to
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be read aloud in court. >> In some ways, the letters were very conventional romantic expressions [music] of two
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young people who had fallen in love and were being kept apart. So, they were remembering the good times they had.
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They were pledging their loyalty and their care for each other. >> One letter said,
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"Lynn, I'm true to you. A nice little chap came here the other day and wanted a date, but I refused
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because I have one boy I love a lot. You always take care of your Alice." >> But, there are also letters that are
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read that are that are meant to be embarrassing. >> Yes. In their letters, they recall in
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great detail the intimacy that they shared in their stolen days and weeks at the Hotel Marie Antoinette. And
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and they depict her in the most negative light possible. >> These letters were also read aloud.
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>> Here is a young woman who's not only having sex before marriage as as her letters describe, but really taking
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great pleasure in it and really expressing that pleasure. And that really violated the norms of womanhood
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at at the time. I mean, we are in the Roaring Twenties, but most people are not flappers. Most
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people are still kind of Victorian at this time. And so, these these letters absolutely destroyed her reputation as
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you know, a good woman, so to speak. And then when her lawyer when he cross-examines Leonard, he basically
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threatens him by showing Leonard a letter that Leonard had written to Alice, having Leonard
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read it silently, and then saying, "Leonard, are you sure you want to go on with this trial?"
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>> Alice's lawyer said that if the Rhinelander's would drop the annulment suit, he wouldn't read Leonard's two
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most explicit letters in court. The trial was paused for several days while the Rhinelander's lawyers
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considered what to do. >> You know, many people are betting that this is they the Rhinelander family is
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going to drop the suit rather than have these letters read in court because whatever it is has got to be so
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damaging. >> [music] >> And then court reconvenes and Leonard's lawyer says, [music]
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"We go on with the trial no matter what." >> [music] >> We'll be right back. On November 23rd, 1925,
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Alice Rhinelander's lawyer, Lee Parsons Davis, prepared to read two so-called mystery
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letters from Leonard Rhinelander aloud in court. >> But before he reads them in court,
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the judge clears the courtroom of women um and young people. And at that point they had con- they had constituted the
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majority of these overflow crowds that had been coming to the trial every day. And man, these women do not want to
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leave the courtroom. They are there for this and some of them have to be dragged
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out. Some of them have their clothes ripped in the process. Like it's it's a circus.
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So they get all the women out, they close and lock the doors and suddenly the courtroom is so much more quiet than
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it has been for nearly 4 weeks. And Davis reads these letters aloud. And in the letters, Leonard has recalled
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to Alice intimate experiences that they had together in which um he performed oral sex on
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her. And just as she talked with pleasure about their intimacy together, he does,
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too. And after the lawyer finishes reading those letters, Leonard is absolutely destroyed. His His
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reputation um oral sex was a crime at the time. I don't think that many people were um
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prosecuted for it, but it definitely wasn't considered normal. And in fact, everything about the the letters
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earns Leonard the label of deviant. >> What was Leonard's reaction? >> The lawyer, her lawyer,
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goads him by saying, "You didn't you know this was deviant? Didn't you know this was filth? Didn't
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you know, didn't you know this was wrong? This wasn't normal." Um and Leonard refuses to take the bait.
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He stands his ground and says, "No. I this was how we loved each other. And I wrote these things
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because it was a way of you know, maintaining my connection to Alice and to being true to her. And I
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gave my word to being true, and I was true, and I'm you know, I'm proud of that."
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>> The same day that the two letters were read, Alice's lawyer made another announcement.
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>> In the final moments of his cross-examination of Leonard, after he's read these
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damaging letters, he says, "I want to have the courtroom cleared because I'm going to bring in
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Mrs. Rhinelander and have her show the color of her skin to the jury." >> Leonard's lawyer objected saying it was
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indecent. He was overruled. >> And what ends up happening is that the jurors, who are 12 white men,
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the lawyers, the judge, the court's stenographer, and Alice and her mother, and yes, Leonard,
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go into the jury room and she goes into the bathroom that adjoins the jury room.
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She takes off her clothing, puts her coat on, and walks out into the middle of the
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jury room. First, she lifts her coat so that the jurors can inspect her leg um up to the thigh.
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And then she lets her coat fall from her shoulders revealing her shoulders and her upper back and her
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chest so that they can inspect those regions of her body as well. And this is in her lawyer's
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mind the strongest evidence that he can present that Leonard had to have known that she had colored
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>> Newspapers reported that Alice {quote} became hysterical after leaving the jury
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room. Alice's lawyer questioned Leonard on the stand. He asked if Alice's skin was the same
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color as it had been when they'd been together at the Hotel Marie Antoinette. Leonard said, "Yes."
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>> Essentially, he says to the jury, "Now you've seen what Leonard saw. How could he not have
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known?" >> Did Alice agree to this? Did she know that this was going to happen? >> She did agree to it. Uh one reporter
00:29:30
noted that it had taken several days for Davis and and his assistant lawyer to convince her.
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My strong suspicion is that it was a sacrifice that she made in order to defend the marriage.
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Even after all these days and weeks of being essentially tortured and destroyed in
00:30:01
this trial, she still believes that love will conquer all and that if she can win
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the case and the marriage is upheld, that Leonard will return to her and they can have the
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life that you know, they had planned and talked about and written each other about. She
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still believes that. >> But in his closing arguments, Alice's lawyer said to the jury,
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>> [music] >> "We are not going by our verdict to compel Leonard Rheinlander to live with
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Alice Rheinlander. You are only called here to decide whether at this juncture these two
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should be separated on the ground of fraud. He added, "There is not a chance under heaven for
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these two human beings being brought together again. They could never live together after
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what has happened in this courtroom." The jury deliberated for 12 hours. >> From the start,
00:31:00
>> [music] >> 10 of them are in favor of voting for Alice. So, 10 of them want to clear her of fraud
00:31:10
and they want to uphold the marriage. >> Then, one juror, who had been for Leonard, changed his mind.
00:31:19
One reporter wrote that persons outside the jury room heard loud argument and the banging of fists on
00:31:25
tables. >> The last remaining juror holds out hour after hour. And people thought that this verdict would
00:31:37
be decided pretty quickly, but it's getting up around 10 hours, 11 hours. I mean, everyone in the courtroom
00:31:46
essentially goes home except the jury and they're still there late into the night.
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Finally, they emerge from the jury room with a verdict that's put in a safe until it's
00:32:00
revealed the next morning. >> In court the next day, the judge read the verdict aloud.
00:32:07
Alice had won. Her marriage to Leonard would not be annulled. >> The jurors, several of them later said,
00:32:15
"If we voted according to our hearts, we would have voted for Leonard. We don't believe in interracial marriage.
00:32:23
But, given the evidence we saw, we don't believe that he was defrauded." The black newspapers
00:32:35
were really surprised um, and hailed it as, you know, one of the great moments in
00:32:44
justice for for black people in America. Racists thought it was a travesty and set about trying to get legislation
00:32:58
passed that would outlaw interracial marriage in states that had never had anti-miscegenation laws.
00:33:08
>> In an interview immediately after the trial, Alice was asked by a reporter, "Do you still love your husband?"
00:33:16
She hesitated and then said, "I do and I don't." Someone said, "It was a beautiful love affair."
00:33:24
And she said, "It certainly was." Leonard did end up getting a divorce. >> Yes, [music] he
00:33:36
after several years, when the appeals were over, >> [music] >> he moved to Nevada and he was hiding out
00:33:44
there under a [music] pseudonym, um, as he had for the two years since the trial. He His family had forbade him
00:33:53
from [music] using the Rhinelander name. He He built himself a shack [music] in in the woods near Reno and set up
00:34:03
residency. And this was a thing people did, especially in New York, since it was hard to get a divorce. They would
00:34:09
move to Nevada. I think it took just a couple months to get legal residency and then you could
00:34:15
get a divorce. >> When Alice [music] finally agreed to the divorce, she received a settlement, a
00:34:21
lump sum of $31,000 and $3,600 [music] annually. >> And she promised that she would never
00:34:30
use the Rhinelander name again. >> In 1936, 6 years after their divorce, Leonard Rhinelander died of pneumonia.
00:34:43
He had reconciled with his father and was living with him when he died. Did Alice comment on his death?
00:34:51
>> She immediately said, "He didn't die of pneumonia. He died of a broken heart."
00:34:58
Um still believing that he truly loved her. You know, she she told reporters, "Why didn't they
00:35:10
leave us alone? We we were so happy together. We loved each other. >> [music] >> I love him. I'm never going to love
00:35:19
anybody else. I'm never going to marry anybody else." [music] And that ended up being what she did.
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>> Alice lived to be 90 years old. She kept a picture of Leonard [music] on her piano.
00:35:34
>> And years before her death, she had purchased her own headstone. And the name she put on [music] it was
00:35:43
Alice J. Rhinelander. >> Criminal is created by Lauren Spore and me. Nidia Wilson is our senior producer.
00:35:59
Katie Bishop is our supervising producer. >> [music] >> Our producers are Susanna Robertson,
00:36:04
Jackie Szejko, Lily Clark, and Lena Sillison. This episode was fact-checked by Katie
00:36:09
Cedarborg. Our show is mixed and engineered by Veronica Simenetti. Julian Alexander makes original
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illustrations for each episode of Criminal. You can see [music] them at thisiscriminal.com.
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And you can sign up for a newsletter at thisiscriminal.com/newsletter. We hope you'll consider supporting our
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work by joining our membership program, >> [music] >> Criminal Plus. You can listen to Criminal, This is
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Love, and Phoebe Reads a Mystery without any ads. Plus, you'll get bonus episodes. These are special episodes
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[music] with me and Criminal co-creator Lauren Spor talking about everything from how we make our episodes [music] to
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the crime stories that caught our attention that week to things we've been enjoying lately.
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To learn more, go to patreon.com/criminal. [music] We're on Facebook at This is Criminal
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and Instagram and TikTok at criminal_podcast. [music] We're also on YouTube at youtube.com/criminalpodcast.
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Criminal is part of the Vox Media Podcast [music] Network. Discover more great shows at podcast.voxmedia.com.
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I'm Phoebe Judge. This is Criminal. [music]