00:00:00
I brought everything that I could find in the supermarket that was making a claim that it was good for me. And I
00:00:05
want you to take a look at it. That Tim Spectre is definitely healthy or not.
00:00:11
Avoid that one. Terrible. Complete rubbish. Not as bad as the other one, but we're going to unravel all these
00:00:17
secrets. The return of the world's biggest gut health expert, Professor Tim Spectre.
00:00:23
He's an award-winning scientist, bestselling author, and he's co-founder of the company Zoey, the home kit for personalized nutrition.
00:00:29
Everything I'm about to throw at you has a whole industry of people behind it. The first one is protein supplements.
00:00:36
Protein is massively hyped. Most people are having nearly twice as much protein in their diets as they need and most of
00:00:42
it will be converted to sugars and fat. Coffee. It's definitely a health food and you'll live longer. Mouthwash. You're more prone to
00:00:48
infections and actually worse smelling breath long term. Really? Yes. No hard data that you should be
00:00:54
drinking eight glasses of water a day. 10 minutes in the sun will get you all the vitamin D you need. And there's some
00:00:59
actual data showing that if you got too much excess fat on your body, exercise alone is a terrible way to deal with it.
00:01:05
You need something radical. You and many others like you are a victim of marketing. But we are in a fiber crisis.
00:01:11
We think only about one in 20 people are getting enough fiber for good health. Has a dramatic effect on avoiding
00:01:17
cancers, mental health, and your longevity. So you brought this. Yep. That's the magic potion. A handful of
00:01:23
that. You reduce your risk of death by 14 15%. Two handfuls at 30%. And it's
00:01:29
incredibly easy to do. So [Music]
00:01:40
Tim, what is the um benefit to me if I
00:01:47
change the way that I'm eating and start thinking through the lens of my gut microbiome and start taking the advice that you talk about in your books? What
00:01:54
is the benefit to both me and society in terms of statistical like outcomes? Like why does it matter?
00:02:01
It matters because we are suffering an epidemic of common chronic diseases. So
00:02:06
we're getting increases in cancer, heart disease, diabetes, obesity.
00:02:12
We you know uh majority of the population are overweight or obese. That has enormous consequences also on our
00:02:19
economic output. Um it costs the country and the taxpayer nearly 60 billion
00:02:26
pounds a year. As a country, we don't want someone like you to become unhealthy and so that it's difficult for
00:02:34
you to work. You're not functioning properly. The state then has to provide for you extra health care etc. There's that individual level, but also we don't
00:02:42
want you to get mental health diseases, depression, u anxiety, all these things that we know
00:02:49
are also linked to poor diet as well as increased cancers and and other elements
00:02:55
of it. So, it's it's a combination of the medical uh the mental, the social,
00:03:00
the economic, all these things are related to having good nutrition. And I
00:03:07
think we've taken it for granted that it doesn't really matter what we eat. It's all about weight and these things. But
00:03:13
that's maybe only the small side of it. I think there's much more to it than that. Someone like me, I'm, you know, 30-ish
00:03:18
years old and I'm I like to think that I'm in good shape. I exercise every day.
00:03:24
Um, very active. So sometimes I think I can fall into the trap of thinking
00:03:29
because there's no obvious sign of disease in me that I can eat what I want
00:03:35
because I'm working out. And then I I sat here with a doctor a couple of couple of months ago and he said a
00:03:42
sentence to me that sounded something like we can see disease growing in you decades out. That really made me change
00:03:49
my thinking on health. Because if it is like a seed of health or a seed of
00:03:55
disease that's growing in me irrespective of my current physical abilities in my, you know, think I'm in
00:04:00
good shape, it's kind of like compounding invisibly inside of me disease for better or for
00:04:06
worse. And that means that even someone like me, I can I can stop 50-year-old Steve's disease now at 30 by making
00:04:14
nudging my health in a slightly different direction in terms of nutrition. Is that an accurate assessment of because there'll be people
00:04:20
that are listening that are so healthy, apparently healthy on the outside because they can run fast or because they haven't got any problems with their
00:04:26
bones or back. Yeah. Well, when I was your age, I didn't think at all about my nutrition
00:04:32
really. Um, you know, although I was trained doctor, etc. I said, I don't
00:04:37
want too much fat. I want this and, you know, I'll try and get a nice looking steak rather than the cheapest one. Um
00:04:44
but I I I didn't think in that way that I wanted to look after my health in 20
00:04:50
years time. It's a tough concept for people who are you know doing so much else and still feeling good that you
00:04:57
know still getting out of bed fresh in the morning energized and not really feeling the effects of of aging. So I
00:05:04
think it's true but it's it's quite a tough concept to sell to the whole population particularly people in their
00:05:10
20s and 30s about the future and that's why I think uh focusing on
00:05:17
things like mental health do resonate perhaps more than saying um think about
00:05:23
what you're going to be like when you're 50 to most people. I've spent definitely the last 10 years of my life believing
00:05:29
that in order to grow big muscles, which has been an aim of throughout my life, I need to have protein supplements.
00:05:38
What do you think about that? I still have protein supplements in my house. Protein powders, come home from the gym,
00:05:44
big scoop of protein, drink it. What do you think of that? Protein is massively hyped.
00:05:51
There are very few people who are protein deficient in this country and
00:05:56
need supplements. There are a few, but I would say it's less than 5% of the
00:06:02
population are not getting sufficient protein to perform either their normal
00:06:08
activities or like you build muscle because it's so inherent in our normal
00:06:14
food. We we evolved, you know, to be omnivores and to get enough protein and
00:06:20
our ancestors didn't fall apart because we didn't get protein shakes. And I
00:06:26
think the the fact that we're focusing on protein is you're you and many others
00:06:32
like you are a victim of marketing that everywhere you look at the moment
00:06:38
protein is the thing that sells products. If it's got protein on the pack, it's you know that's ringing. Oh,
00:06:43
I need extra protein. And protein has this uh ring of only good about it.
00:06:50
There's nothing bad about protein. It's like just going to get me big and strong. And I don't worry about calories
00:06:57
or getting fat. You know, I use it or lose it and that's fine. And it's
00:07:03
completely wrong. All the evidence is that um most people
00:07:09
are having nearly twice as much protein in their in their diets as they need for
00:07:15
normal uh protein balance. And the only people that really need to worry are if
00:07:22
you're um elderly and you're not eating very much. Okay? So young people
00:07:27
generally like yourself will be getting enough food that a percentage of all that food is going to contain protein.
00:07:33
There's very few foods that don't contain protein. Uh people don't think about it, but every time you're eating
00:07:38
pasta or grains, you're eating protein. Um it doesn't have to be steak or eggs.
00:07:44
And but the elderly, if you're not eating, you're gone off your food, you're sick, you've got, you know,
00:07:50
you're on some medication, uh might need some extra protein sources
00:07:55
or to focus on it. or if you're a strict vegetarian or vegan in that position
00:08:01
where you're not eating much or you're sick or you're elderly, then those people do need something. Now, if you
00:08:06
are a bodybuilder and again, you're you're trying to lose weight at the same time,
00:08:13
then you might need some protein supplements. But if you're eating a normal diet, there's no evidence that
00:08:19
the vast majority of of people need any extra protein. They can get it all from normal food. And normal food, in my
00:08:26
opinion, is a much better way of getting it because that's how our bodies have evolved rather than getting it in a drink or a supplement or a powder where
00:08:33
it's often mixed with other chemicals. It's not in its natural form. We're not sure that it's all used and the excess
00:08:41
protein you have isn't for free. protein gets broken down and it either
00:08:48
gets eliminated in your body or it's stored as fat um as it gets converted to
00:08:55
uh sugars and then to fats. So people think of protein as only in muscle and
00:09:00
if it's not going to my muscle I just pee it out. It doesn't matter. Not the case. If you're having lots of protein
00:09:06
that you you can't use up in your muscles because you already got so much on board, you can't store it anywhere.
00:09:13
it uh some of it gets eliminated but most of it will be converted to sugars
00:09:18
and fat. This goes against everything they told me because I thought that you could have as
00:09:24
much protein as you like. Your body can't store it. So I must just be like pooping it out or something. I don't
00:09:30
know. Um can't store it as protein. Okay. But it gets converted. It's broken down into small pieces and that gets stored
00:09:37
in your body uh for the future. So, how much protein can I process in like a
00:09:42
day? How how many grams of protein? How many kilos roughly you about?
00:09:47
Oh, 90. Say 911 because there's people listening.
00:09:53
It's all muscle though. Um, so around roughly that amount of
00:09:58
protein. Um, uh, because it goes with weight. The the more your weight is, the more protein
00:10:05
you need to to repair your muscles and and keep it going. So uh the official
00:10:11
amount is normally around you know 0.8 uh gram per kilogram. Okay.
00:10:17
Okay. So but if we think you know we want to be on the safe side. So most people are
00:10:22
95% of people that's the uh a safe level but most people uh in this country are
00:10:30
having like 1.4 um grams per kilogram. So they'd be
00:10:35
having uh for you over a 100 grams of protein and
00:10:42
basically if you don't anything extra so you might do a little workout that might
00:10:47
increase it a little bit maybe 10%. So you might be able to use uh 10% of that
00:10:53
if you're doing a lot of weightlifting etc. Um but not huge amounts. So, if you took
00:10:59
300 uh grams of protein, most of it is just going to be either you you'd be getting
00:11:06
rid of it, excreting it in some way, or it would be uh converted into uh sugars
00:11:11
and fats. Stat I found here, the average daily intake of protein in the UK is 76 gram
00:11:18
per day for adults aged 19 to 64 and 67 grams a day for adults aged 65
00:11:26
years and over. So that's how much on average people are consuming with their normal diets.
00:11:32
Yeah. So it's just roughly depending on the size of people, it's just over a a gram per kilo. And they're getting that
00:11:39
without protein. Most of them without protein powders just from their normal diets. I mean, as an example, my, you
00:11:47
know, my normal breakfast gives me, I worked out, you know, over 30 grams of
00:11:53
protein, um, which is sort of what you want to kickstart the day, uh, in order to get
00:12:01
muscles repairing things. But if I took, you know, an extra protein powder to give me an extra 100 gram, that really
00:12:07
wouldn't have any effect at all other than slightly increasing my weight.
00:12:14
What about fiber? I've got two questions here. What is fiber in the most simple
00:12:19
terms? And is it why is it important? And are we
00:12:25
consuming enough fiber in our natural diets in the UK?
00:12:30
So unlike protein where 95% of people are absolutely fine and not deficient in
00:12:36
protein 95% of people are deficient in fiber. We
00:12:42
think only about one in 20 people are getting enough fiber for for good health. So this is this is the imbalance
00:12:49
between the marketing. People just don't make money on fiber like they do on protein. So all the commerce is going to
00:12:56
everyone's protein deficient. You got to have protein, protein, protein, protein. You know who's supporting the spinach or
00:13:02
the you the um the fiber people? Hardly anybody. We're massively deficient in
00:13:09
it. It is the bits of carbohydrates. So carbohydrates are made up of sugars,
00:13:15
starches, and fibers. So fibers are the parts of carbohydrates that are not
00:13:22
broken down and absorbed early on in the system. So they go through to the deeper parts of the intestine. They meet the
00:13:29
microbes and they have to be digested much slower, much lower down your
00:13:34
system. And they're food for your gut microbes. And it could be soluble ones. They could be insoluble ones. They're
00:13:40
just different degrees of how hard it is to break it down. And we used to think of it as ruffage. It used to be called
00:13:46
roughage when I was a a medical student and a junior doctor. You used to eat this stuff and it was just to like clear
00:13:53
out the toxins. It was just like you have this stuff, it scrapes your pipes and cleans it up and that's all it was
00:14:00
thought to do. But now we we know it's absolutely crucial for health. The average in the UK is about 20 grams of
00:14:06
fiber. So if you just increase that by a quarter, not very much, five grams, that's uh uh
00:14:14
you know a handful of nuts or seeds or something a day. you will increase uh or
00:14:22
you reduce your risk of death by 14 15%. And if you did two handfuls of nuts 30%.
00:14:29
It each one it goes up. So has a dramatic effect on your uh longevity and
00:14:35
it's also important for avoiding cancers and mental health and nearly everything
00:14:41
that we've looked at. So, it's really the forgotten element of our of our diet
00:14:47
that I think at the moment we're, you know, in a fiber crisis. We're certainly not in a protein crisis and yet
00:14:54
everyone's talking about protein. It's really it's really a fascinating interplay between, you know, what the
00:15:00
real problems are and what the marketing and and the commerce of this whole field is. So, we need to improve everybody's
00:15:07
fiber amounts. All the healthy countries in the world are eating much more fiber and it's also diverse fiber. It's lots
00:15:13
of different things. It's not just having kale. When you came on the podcast last time, you said something
00:15:20
which I found to be quite daunting, which was this idea of trying to get 30 plants into my diet a week. You've
00:15:28
brought some food with you today for me that you say can help me with this. Jack, could you grab the food that Tim
00:15:36
brought with him today? So, you brought this jar of what looks like a bunch of
00:15:43
nuts and seeds. Yep. That's the magic potion. Magic potion. Tell me more.
00:15:48
So, this is what I call my diversity jar. So, um, do have a nibble, but
00:15:54
basically there's about 10 different types of nut and seed in there that each
00:16:01
time I see some packet of mixed nuts or I find something new in a in a shop, I
00:16:07
add it to that jar and I keep it full, mix it around, and that's what I throw
00:16:13
on my yogurt and keir in the morning or I will put on my salad at lunch And that
00:16:22
basically is a a hack that instantly gets me 10 plants for my week. So you're
00:16:29
saying how hard it is to get to 30 plants. Well, just by doing that, you've
00:16:35
got uh you've only got 20 to go. I say you're a third of the way just by having
00:16:41
a few hacks like that, which incidentally also gives you your protein. Okay. So rather than your
00:16:46
protein shakes and your whatever handful of that um you've got you know
00:16:53
significant amounts of of protein but the important thing for this is the 30 plants people forget that a plant
00:16:59
doesn't have to be doesn't look like spinach or kale. It can be a nut and a seed which are so nutrientdense and so
00:17:05
useful that they will keep whole colonies of hundreds or thou thousands
00:17:11
of different microbes happy in your gut munching on the different chemicals in there and they're very high in fiber
00:17:17
very high in protein. I was going to say about the fiber thing. This is a this is a way to get the fiber as well.
00:17:23
Absolutely. Yes. So they're high high fiber and high protein and that's why
00:17:28
they are are so nutritious and why if you're having this sort of stuff you really don't need uh chemical
00:17:35
supplements. And so that that's a that's just one of several hacks about how you
00:17:41
can add these to your foods very easily as well as you know mentally just
00:17:46
thinking I want to try and find add different things to my my meal. I don't want to have the same meal every
00:17:53
single day. People get stuck going to, you know, their local sandwich shop and
00:17:59
saying, "I'm only having that prawn salad, prawn salad, prawn salad." You know, just think every day, go something
00:18:04
different. And if people start thinking differently about food, not only does it
00:18:10
excite the taste buds a bit more and gets you out of your rut, but it's also going to generate many more microbes.
00:18:17
So, you know, if you're going to beat me, you need to be getting more diversity in there to to grow more species so that
00:18:24
you can uh, you know, keep them all happy. And they they live, you know, they live off diversity and variety just
00:18:31
as we humans do. So, when I got my Zoey results back, I
00:18:36
one of the the PDF shows all the bugs in my stomach. Is that what you call them, bugs? We have a more technical
00:18:42
bugs or mic microbes. Let's call them microbes then. uh just because it makes me sound smarter. So all the microbes in my in my belly and I
00:18:49
had a very narrow group of microbes. Now if I you're telling me that if I expand that collection of microbes, my overall
00:18:57
health will be better. I'll process my food better. My mental health will be better. Is there anything I'm I'm missing from that list?
00:19:03
Your immune health would be better. So okay, immunity would be better. So you'd get less food allergies. You'd get um uh
00:19:10
resistance to infection would be better. So, how do I bring I know this sounds like super stupid question to ask, but I
00:19:17
looked at that list and thought, okay, so I almost thought of it like little pets living inside me. Um, the where do these where do I get
00:19:25
the new pets from? Like the new animals from to put inside my body cuz I I was thinking my girlfriend's got loads of
00:19:31
them. I'll just kiss her. Yes. Well, well, you could kiss your
00:19:36
girlfriend. And there is quite a lot of swapping between partners, by the way, in microbes. So, you're not wrong there.
00:19:42
Mhm. But unless they had something to eat, they'd die off. Okay. So, what
00:19:48
you're doing is um you know, we are continually surrounded by many of these microbes, we are swapping uh microbes
00:19:56
with all our close friends and family all the time. But, uh unless you've got
00:20:01
the fertilizer in you, they're not going to survive. And the fertilizer is diversity of foods.
00:20:06
Yes. And you may have and you know you've kissed your girlfriend, you've got some of her microbes and they're
00:20:12
just sitting there waiting for to be fed, right? They might be in a very dormant state. Many of these microbes
00:20:18
can go into spore formation and stay there for years doing nothing in tiny amounts. They only wake up when, you
00:20:24
know, a peanut hits them on the head or something and says, "Oh, you know, Steven's given me some food at last. You
00:20:29
know, this I can eat this. I couldn't eat the other. I can't eat Nando. I'm going for this." So that's the concept
00:20:35
that you want to give them this rich soil so that they can flourish and you
00:20:43
can gain microbes from going to other countries you know eating a variety of foods and there are microbes that live
00:20:50
on a lot of fresh produce uh that you can get you get them from dogs uh
00:20:56
animals um just by having a pet around the house or going to the countryside you can get more microbes in you but
00:21:03
it's It's a lot of them are actually inside us waiting and places like our appendix may may be sources of tiny
00:21:10
amounts of these microbes that are just waiting, you know, for the right signal to wake up. I think this is fascinating.
00:21:17
I looked at the back end of our YouTube channel and it says that since this channel started, 69.9%
00:21:23
of you that watch it frequently haven't yet hit the subscribe button. So, I have a favor to ask you. If you've ever
00:21:30
watched this channel and enjoyed the content, if you're enjoying this episode right now, please could I ask a small favor? Please hit the subscribe button.
00:21:35
Helps this channel more than I can explain. And I promise if you do that to return the favor, we will make this show
00:21:42
better and better and better and better and better. That's the promise I'm willing to make you if you hit the subscribe button. Do we have a deal? I,
00:21:48
after our last conversation, was always going through the supermarket trying to figure out what's fermented and what's not. How do I know what's fermented?
00:21:55
What does fermented even mean? Um, and you brought this array of things with
00:22:00
you to show me how easy it is to ferment things in your own home, I guess.
00:22:05
Yeah. I think people are frightened by fermentation, and it's important to know what it is
00:22:12
and what it isn't. So fermentation is a word lots of different meanings but it's
00:22:18
when food is modified by microbes to produce something that is tastes different, tastes better and is also
00:22:25
healthy for you. And in a way it's a probiotic food because what we're doing
00:22:32
is we're taking basic whole foods and we are adding something like salt or sugar
00:22:40
and that then allows natural uh microbes on those plants to flourish
00:22:47
and change the composition of that for that food. So they make it acidic, they
00:22:52
get rid of all the bad bugs, and they make it into something super healthy, and all the microbes are growing just
00:22:57
like they would be in your gut if you fed them. So it's like a a mini version of your gut is what we're seeing here.
00:23:04
Um, and it's incredibly easy to do. So that's why I brought this stuff along so
00:23:10
that we I can demonstrate not only how to get extra plants into your 30 a week,
00:23:17
but also if those plants are fermented, they have many more times more nutrients
00:23:23
in them. And the fact that those bugs have been working on them, it means they've been in a way predigested before
00:23:28
they get into your gut. And all these studies are showing these are super good
00:23:34
for all aspects of your health. And if you can have uh several portions these a
00:23:41
day, you'll really notice the difference. So for people that are just listening on audio and can't see what have we got in
00:23:47
front of you here. So, we've got uh a jar like a like a one liter jar of which
00:23:56
is full of uh chopped veg from uh the bottom of my fridge. All of us would
00:24:01
have fridges like this where you got odds and ends left behind. And the idea
00:24:08
is that you rather than throwing it away, you can actually just chop it up and ferment it and
00:24:15
stick it in a jar. And there is I can see cabbage. I can see a radish in there. It's just like the the waste veg
00:24:23
that most people would probably chuck in the bin. Exactly. So, a few years ago, I'd have just thrown this in the bin. I wouldn't
00:24:29
have thought about doing it. So, you you throw it out. People have heard about sauerkraut, which is basically just um
00:24:35
fermented cabbage. And you might have heard of kimchi, which is the Korean version, which has
00:24:41
just got a few more things in it, like chilies and ginger and spices.
00:24:46
uh and this is a sort of mixture of all of them. But it's just to illustrate the fact that you can ferment virtually all
00:24:52
plants and avoid the waste. And that's what our ancestors did before fridges because all you need to do is uh put
00:25:00
them in a jar and squash them down and add 2% salt and a little bit of water to
00:25:06
cover it. And that's all you do. And I can I can just demonstrate that now for you if you like. So we've got all these in here. And the
00:25:15
idea is you um add some add the salt. So, we're adding 2% salt. This is really
00:25:20
important to measure it. So, this that's the only thing really tricky is to make sure that you've got uh 2% salt and that
00:25:27
gets poured in there. And you you would mix it around. Uh I would normally put it in a big bowl and do it, but uh you
00:25:33
you get the idea here. You you you put the salt in, you mix it around, and you scrunch it down really hard. So, you
00:25:40
know, like um really getting rid of any space for air cuz the microbes don't
00:25:48
like air. The ones that ferment they call anorobic. They don't like oxygen and so
00:25:53
they grow really well when you cut out the oxygen and they can just um live off
00:26:00
start eating the sugars in in the in these plants and the salt gives them a
00:26:06
competitive advantage against nasty microbes. Okay. So that means that they can out compete the other guys cuz it's suddenly
00:26:13
a different environment and that's what we're doing. So you squash it down and um I'm going to add a little bit of
00:26:19
water here. Sometimes you don't need to add hardly any water and if you add more than a bit just add a little bit of salt
00:26:25
to that water, just enough to cover it because the microbes are naturally in all these plants. People don't realize
00:26:31
that. They think, "Oh, it must be sterile. I've got it from a nice supermarket in a plastic wrapper." Um
00:26:36
it's full of microbes and that's normal. And we know that even in garlic for
00:26:41
example, even when you cut it, there are perhaps uh 10 20 different types of micro living in that garlic. And once
00:26:49
they they sense the water and the salt, they will suddenly say, "Oh, it's good to come out. I can out compete. I can
00:26:56
grow and I can start munching the the sugar." And then to pack it down, you
00:27:01
either use you can use some stones, some clean stones. What I like to do is use some leftover waste. Um, so I get some
00:27:08
outside cabbage leaves or something else from a plant and just put it down in
00:27:13
there, squash it. And so you can see that it's now below the water line. Mhm.
00:27:19
And I close the lid and that's basically it. And I would
00:27:27
leave that for a minimum of 3 days somewhere room temperature out of the
00:27:32
sun. And you'll start to see bubbles forming. And that's CO2. The microbes
00:27:38
are producing that. They're fermenting it. That's it. And you've got suddenly your own probiotic fermented food made
00:27:44
from your scraps rather than throwing it out. And that's that's a great example of what you can do um to really improve
00:27:52
your health for something that costs nothing uh apart from the price of salt. And that's one you made earlier.
00:27:59
Yeah, this is a nicer looking one that's uh one I I did earlier. And I'm just going to see. You can see a few bubbles
00:28:04
there. Uh it's it's just starting to to get going. Um and uh you can open it up
00:28:12
uh every day or so to give it a smell and see what's happening. Making sure that it's packed down so that it's all
00:28:18
below the water line. Once you've done this, once it's fermented after a week, uh you can put in the fridge for months.
00:28:25
Oh, really? So you could put that in the fridge fridge for months. Yeah. Once it's fermented, the it's
00:28:30
become acidic and the pH has dropped below 4.5. No
00:28:35
other microbes can live there. Only the ones you want, you've selected personally. These are your probiotic
00:28:41
microbes that we know are good for your health. And the difference between this and your probiotic capsule is that
00:28:48
you'll probably get 30 different microbes here, whereas you take your capsule, you might get two or three.
00:28:55
So this is why fermented foods I think are a real answer to many of our
00:29:01
problems. You know, the fact that we've got a rather western deprived
00:29:07
microbiome, these could really help um people like you want to boost your gut
00:29:12
microbiome and just introducing these fermented foods into your regular diet.
00:29:18
And this is what the Koreans do. For example, you know, the Japanese do by using fermented soybeans in nearly all
00:29:25
their foods. So many of the healthiest populations have large amounts of fermented food in their diets.
00:29:31
When you look at the Japanese and the Koreans, do they have better gut microbiomes than the people in the UK
00:29:36
and the US? Yes, they do. And they but importantly, they live much longer and have you much
00:29:41
less of our uh chronic diseases or they delay those problems by at least 10
00:29:47
years. So I think we need to learn from the the populations that are doing it right and this is a really easy
00:29:55
uh thing to do and I think it's it's a great exercise in in teaching because if you think what's going on it's this is
00:30:01
mirroring what's going on inside your gut. If you had that rich diversity of
00:30:06
of plants in there you can get many microbes to um to to proliferate. And
00:30:12
once you start seeing the bubbles forming and the the the amazing change in taste and texture that you're
00:30:18
getting, you got to remember this is the difference between a grape and an amazing uh vintage red wine. It's just
00:30:26
the effect of those microbes in the effect, you know, on on that grape skin
00:30:32
just changing over time, increasing that complexity and producing chemicals. It all it's basically a sort of chemistry
00:30:38
lesson. When I'm in the supermarket, there are lots of things that now have labels on them saying that they're great
00:30:44
for gut health or they're low sugar or they're low fat. I brought everything that I could find in the supermarket
00:30:51
that was making a claim that it was good for me. And I want you to take a look look at it. These are some of the most popular things that people pick up in
00:30:58
the supermarket that make these claims that they're low sugar, low fat, low high protein, great for gut health. So,
00:31:03
the first one I've got here is Actimal, which had says it's got vitamin D, B6.
00:31:09
It's great for immune support, zero added sugar, 0% fat,
00:31:16
rich in vitamin D. That Tim Spectre is definitely healthy
00:31:23
or not. So, um, yeah, these these claims, uh,
00:31:31
some of these claims they're allowed to put on the packet. There is very restricted what they can actually say in terms of health it can do are date back,
00:31:39
you know, 30 years and no longer really valid, but they they have to do it because they're not allowed to even
00:31:44
mention the word probiotic on a on a packet, interestingly. So, they're trying to attract you in with things
00:31:50
that would resonate with the consumer. So they do these massive surveys to saying what's going to resonate with you
00:31:55
Steve when you go into oh and you say oh what's going to what's going to make me buy this rather than one of the other
00:32:01
ones and so vitamin D we've been flogging vitamin D for forever you know
00:32:08
10 minutes in the sun will get you all the vitamin D you need um and it's in most foods anyway you don't really need
00:32:14
it in addition in these things uh 0% added sugar and 0% added fat mean that
00:32:21
it's highly processed. So, the combination of health, what we call health halos,
00:32:27
um saying it's super healthy with uh rich in this vitamin, le no
00:32:33
sugar, no fat, um is very old-fashioned science. No one believes that that zero
00:32:39
fat is any good for you anymore. And there's some actual data showing that low-fat foods actually uh make you
00:32:47
overeat. Really? Yes. What does the data say? So when they've compi compared sort of
00:32:53
identical uh meals to people in lab conditions, those eating the lowfat
00:32:59
foods, the um high carb but high processed foods like this will actually
00:33:06
overeat substantially over the next uh day or so. So it's actually making you
00:33:12
overeat uh quite significantly. So, and there's no advantage to your body in
00:33:17
terms of heart health by having this because to get zero fat and make it taste good, it's got to have lots of
00:33:23
extra sugars and starches in there. Otherwise, you you you just couldn't eat it. Fat is really important naturally to
00:33:31
make you enjoy food. And so, it takes a lot of careful chemistry to mimic that fat. So, I would
00:33:38
always avoid anything that said, you know, zero sugar, zero fat, uh, rich in
00:33:44
vitamins, despite the fact that this probably has something good probiotics in it.
00:33:49
So, you get in a good probiotics, um, it's only one lactobacillus, but that's
00:33:56
counteracted by all this negative stuff, all these chemicals which we know are bad for your gut microbiome. So, that's
00:34:03
not uh going to be good for you or it's not going to be good for me either. So, I would avoid that one. Always go
00:34:09
for any yogurt that really has minimum contents. Just milk and microbes. That's
00:34:15
all you need. Can you bring me the bin? This is going in the bin. I'm going to just drop that
00:34:22
in the bin. I did scan on the Zoey app as well. And my relationship to it was about 35,
00:34:28
which is not which is not a health food. Which is not a health food. What about this? This is definitely healthy. Dr.
00:34:34
Inspector Activia, deliciously good for your gut health.
00:34:41
Okay, so I know this one's going to be good. Um, what else does it say? We believe that a
00:34:48
happy gut is a happy you. When you love your gut, it loves you back. It sounds
00:34:53
like you wrote it. What else? What other claims does it make? We ferment our unique blend of
00:35:00
five active strain strains for up to eight hours. So every little pot is
00:35:06
packed with billions of live cultures. Loving the planet to love our gut.
00:35:15
Activia great for the gut. Healthy. Well, so far, you know, everything looks
00:35:22
everything looks good, doesn't it? Um, but let's have a look and see what extra
00:35:27
things they've added to it. Um, which is always hard to find in packets. You you
00:35:32
often need a microscope to see them. Um, so for for it to be good, it just needs
00:35:37
microbes and milk and that makes yogurt. You just change the temperature. That's
00:35:43
what you get. So here we've got um lots of we've got lots of ingredients. We've
00:35:50
got flavorings. We've got concentrates. We've got bit of carrot for some reason.
00:35:55
We've got lemon juice. We've got stabilizers. Uh we've got tapioca starch. We've got sugars. And it claims
00:36:03
to have strawberries, although when they last were picked from the earth, I'm not quite sure. So, um, it's not as bad as
00:36:11
the other one, but basically we're we're looking at a a highly processed product
00:36:16
that has many chemicals you don't really want in your gut because they will counteract the good effect of the gut
00:36:22
microbes. Slightly better than the other one, but I would still not eat it myself.
00:36:27
Okay. And the fact that it's processed, does the fact that it's processed alone make
00:36:32
it a bad food? Or is it because the process of processing
00:36:38
causes a loss in the good stuff and addition of a lot of bad stuff? When we
00:36:44
say pro because this word processed foods has become just like a blanket term. So in my brain I go if it's
00:36:49
processed it has to be bad. But is that accurate? Well, we need to separate virtually all the food that we
00:36:56
eat and I eat as well is processed. Yeah. But um we need to separate that from
00:37:03
ultrarocessed. So plain yogurt, nothing added, nothing you know changed is
00:37:08
processed because you're mixing a basic ingredient milk with microbes. You're
00:37:15
actually creating something that's processing. But it's when you take it to the next stage and you would make that
00:37:20
same product from say milk powder uh and then you would add various
00:37:26
starches and stabilizers, emulsifiers, concentrates, artificial sweeteners,
00:37:33
flavorings, that same yogurt becomes ultrarocessed. And it's that extra step that is the
00:37:41
main problem. Nothing wrong with processed food. You know, cheese is processed. There's
00:37:48
nothing wrong with that. Most of the foods we we eat are some have had salt added or oil added or something like
00:37:54
that. But it's when it's chemicals that you don't find in your kitchen being added to to foods that have been
00:38:02
stripped of all their goodness. So, they wouldn't just use cow's milk. It would be, you know, dried extract of casein or
00:38:12
um you wouldn't take wheat. It would be the uh stripped out inner part of that
00:38:17
wheat and then that's temperature treated to melt it and and change its composition. And to put these things
00:38:24
back together, you need all these glues like these emulsifiers. Uh you need
00:38:29
stabilizers, you need um uh flavorings, sweeteners, colorants, all these extra
00:38:35
things to make it look like food again. So I think we shouldn't be calling ultrarocessed food food. That's a
00:38:41
misnomer. uh we should call them, you know, edible food-like substances that are
00:38:47
industrially made. And if we start to realize the difference between these, we can start to make smart food choices. We
00:38:55
now know that many of these ingredients there's been lots of even research since we last talked about um first things
00:39:03
like aspartame has come out as which is an artificial sweetener has been linked
00:39:09
to many health problems including increased risk of cancers and uh heart disease. We've got emulsifiers have come
00:39:17
out uh recently in a number of studies to show that they affect mental health
00:39:22
and they also affect heart disease even when you adjust for the whole diet and
00:39:28
you take just that component of the food. So we know that ultrarocessed foods are you probably the worst things
00:39:36
we're doing for our diets and then in the UK uh the average person is saying about
00:39:41
60% of all their food is ultrarocessed without knowing about it. We're eating four times more than uh healthy European
00:39:49
countries who are often poorer than us. So it's not just a question of money. It's just become this battle of us poor
00:39:57
consumers against these massive companies with billions of pounds to
00:40:03
spend on marketing that have told us this stuff is healthy because of these fake health halos, vitamins, you know,
00:40:10
no sugar, no this, no fat, confusing the consumer and all the time giving us
00:40:15
foods that not only make give us disease but importantly make us overeat.
00:40:21
So we we pick that stuff. Doesn't matter it's says just whether even if it's just low fat or it's got lots of other
00:40:27
chemicals, both make you overeat by a quarter. So you will be hungrier after
00:40:34
eating that than you would be if you had a completely plain yogurt with none of
00:40:41
those extra chemicals in it. Okay, so I've got three different drinks here.
00:40:48
I've got my Oasis citrus punch. Um, on this one it says natural flavorings
00:40:55
and real fruit. So that must be healthy. Real fruit. If it says real fruit on it,
00:41:02
you should be very suspicious. Okay, that's the first thing to to look at it. Uh, and natural flavors. That
00:41:10
really means nothing. And this is uh natural is a great word. means nothing uh medically, scientifically,
00:41:17
but it's been a a buzz word for me getting people to buy stuff. So, basically, this is a a mixed blend of
00:41:26
citrus fruits, which means the mixtures of all kinds of different uh fruit
00:41:31
extracts that's combined with sugar and artificial sweeteners. They're again
00:41:36
highly processed fruits. They're not fresh fruits. And it's got a mixture of those. Uh, it's got citric acid. It's
00:41:44
got sugar, orange flavorings, uh, it's got stabilizers, uh, polyphosphates,
00:41:51
glycerol esters, uh, it's got, um, looks like wood resins, um, acidity
00:41:59
regulators, uh, preservatives. It's got some potassium sorbate, potassium
00:42:06
benzoate. It's got the sweeteners aspartame and uh ACE K.
00:42:12
Espartain is what you're just talking about, right? Yes, that's the one that WHO have just put on their uh warning list. Um so yes,
00:42:21
it's it's packed with things that you wouldn't expect if you just squeezed a bit of juice uh in and thought it was
00:42:28
healthy. So, this is a good example of um a totally fake ultrarocessed food
00:42:35
that makes it look like it's real fruit and is going to be healthy for you and it is just a mix of chemicals that's
00:42:42
just going to mess up your gut microbes and make you feel hungrier. Okay, but this one here, this
00:42:48
Philadelphia says light. So, it says 100% of the taste but 40% less fat. So,
00:42:56
Philadelphia Light. Surely that's good. Well, it's it's got cheese in it.
00:43:04
It's often have this. We did do some tests on this a while ago. It does does have microbes in it. If it's low in fat,
00:43:09
they've generally added something else to increase the mouth feel. And indeed
00:43:14
we see here it's got stabilizers. It's got emulsifiers. Uh all these things
00:43:20
that we know uh have effects on your gut microbes, make you hungrier and can affect your heart as well. So yeah, I I
00:43:27
would uh avoid that one. What do we have to I've got a few last things for you there. What do we have to look out for on the packaging of these
00:43:33
products? Because interestingly, the one you have in your hand, the bar there, the snack bar, on the back of it, they do admit that it's a little bit
00:43:39
processed. They actually there's a sentence on the back of it. I'll read read out says um I was reading it as you
00:43:46
said it says well um well clearly it would be wrong for us to claim that everything in this bar is 100% natural
00:43:52
and simply grows on trees obviously some ingredients need to be cleaned dried and roasted too and therefore to some extent
00:43:59
processed. It's just that we believe the less we mess with it the better it tastes. That's why we never add any
00:44:05
artificial flavors or colors or any preservatives.
00:44:10
Yeah, natural bar. I mean, ingredients, you know, that's a good thing to say.
00:44:16
It's quite hard to produce some of these snack bars without having things to
00:44:21
stick it together or gums. Glucose syrup, soya protein,
00:44:27
crispies, isolate, tapioca starch, salt, dates, almonds, salt, salted caramel, muscoido,
00:44:36
sugar, buttermilk powder, natural flavorings, cream powder, milk, rice flour, carbo flour, and salt.
00:44:43
Yeah, it doesn't when you read it out like that, it doesn't sound quite as natural as the uh label suggests, does
00:44:48
it? because you've just got all these ingredients that are, you know, again,
00:44:54
half of them you wouldn't find in your in your kitchen. Um, you know, and it's partly to to, you know, protein packed.
00:45:02
Um, you know, if it was if you just need the nuts and the seeds, you wouldn't have to add in all this uh other stuff
00:45:10
from soy and and other beans and things which are ultrarocessed. They're just taking that bit of it, combining it
00:45:16
together. So some of these are better than others. Um but um again this is
00:45:22
ultrarocessed and you know the these all these snacks interestingly are really
00:45:29
often the downfall in in in place like the US and the UK where we're just eating so many so much our our energy is
00:45:36
coming from these snacks which wasn't the case 20 years ago. So on that point of snacking,
00:45:41
is snacking good or bad? And what impact does that have on the overall nutritional um profile of an individual?
00:45:48
Because a lot of people snack, right? Nearly everybody snacks. I think that's right. Over 90% of people
00:45:53
snack. So it's become normal to snack in this in this country, in the US, it is
00:46:00
the norm. It's not the norm in other countries. So you see much less snacking habits in southern Europe uh than you do
00:46:08
here. much less in many Asian countries as well. A Zoey study found that 95% of people
00:46:13
were snackers. Yes. And 25% of people are undoing the
00:46:19
benefits of healthy meals by unhealthy snacking. Yeah. So 95% of people we found in that
00:46:26
Zoey study are snackers and most of them are unhealthy. So just by reaching for a
00:46:33
snack, unless you're really careful, you're going to be having not only extra
00:46:39
calories, but unhealthy calories that's going to undo many of the good things
00:46:44
you you're eating. So we found in the Zoey survey that people would be really
00:46:50
focusing on their main meal, saying, "This is a really healthy meal. I'm having plenty of plants and veget, but oh well, I've got to have my snack." And
00:46:56
so they'd be undoing all that good by having something that would then
00:47:02
a couple of hours later really upset um their metabolism and make them hungrier
00:47:08
and so mess up the the idea and make them hungrier. So we in the UK and the
00:47:13
US it's around a quarter of our calories come from snacks. if we were able to
00:47:19
even to reduce that a bit or just change that snack to a healthy one or ideally
00:47:25
move that snacking time to the meal itself. Most of these would be much less
00:47:31
harmful if you had them at the end of your meal when your body is, you know, starting to
00:47:37
do all this work breaking down the food is gearing up for this high activity.
00:47:42
Virtually all the snacks that people have late in the evening are bad for you. And that's because you're getting a
00:47:49
sugar spike just before going to bed. Your body's not ready for it. Your gut microbes are not ready for it. It
00:47:55
doesn't give them a rest. And so you actually end up hungrier the next day.
00:48:00
So we're starting to realize that it's not just the food. And we've seen that most of these snacks are very unhealthy,
00:48:07
going to make you hungrier, but the timing of it also messes up your circadian rhythms. So you're not
00:48:12
recovering. And the next day you're going to feel hungrier than you were if you didn't snack. So it's like counterintuitive. You think, oh, if I
00:48:19
have something before I go to bed, I'm not going to be as hungry tomorrow. And this is what many people get into this
00:48:24
this common mistake. So we need to start changing people's attitude uh in in this
00:48:32
snack epidemic about snacks and say, you know, you don't need them. Um
00:48:39
and if you do, have healthy ones. And you know, nuts and seeds and fruit are
00:48:46
perfectly healthy ones. And we showed in our in our study which we published recently that people who do have those
00:48:52
healthy snacks are really hardly any extra risk of health problems um
00:49:00
compared to those that people don't snack as long as it's not late at night. So if you eat within that sort of normal
00:49:06
eating window and you you know some people are natural snackers. I don't know if I'm not, but I know many of my
00:49:13
colleagues at Zoey uh can't go two or three hours without eating. They really
00:49:19
find it hard. And but just by thinking more about that snack and saying, "Well,
00:49:24
I'm going to I I know I've got this tendency. I'm going to eat something that's healthy." Nuts or something.
00:49:29
Yeah. just a handful of mixed nuts, an apple, a pear, um something that's not
00:49:36
super sugary or super fat, but importantly not ultrarocessed. Not something that's got this health halo
00:49:42
that says, "Eat me. I've got high in protein. I'm going to, you know, eat me and you'll get bigger muscles." Uh, no.
00:49:49
Eat me and you'll get fatter. those health halos then what are just so we've summarized them low fat is a health halo
00:49:56
you're saying no sugar real fruit trying to remember all the ones um
00:50:01
extra vitamins vitamin labeling on on products um natural flavorings I think it said yes
00:50:07
one of the products those are those the main ones have I missed any there I think we've covered yeah so claims
00:50:13
about low fat low sugar uh nothing artificial
00:50:18
high protein I guess natural right? Uh high protein. Um some would be gut
00:50:24
friendly. Um generally they're warning signs that this food is to be avoided.
00:50:30
Find something that doesn't need that health claim. You never see a whole a real food with a health claim. They
00:50:38
don't need it. You got an apple doesn't need a claim, you know, contains vitamins, contains uh fiber. Real foods
00:50:45
don't need health labels. I've had a confused relationship with bread.
00:50:50
I I look at bread, all bread, I think that's bad. This is cheating on my gut microbiome. Is that the truth? Is bread
00:50:57
bad? Most bread is bad. Most supermarket
00:51:03
bread is ultrarocessed sugar and contains many other chemicals you don't
00:51:08
really want in you. Makes you hungrier. And the general perception of the public is it's a healthy food. I found this
00:51:16
myself when I started doing my glucose levels. Even brown breads were all over
00:51:21
the place. There are some breads that I can eat in small amounts that are still healthy. Things like rye breads. And if
00:51:28
it's sourdough, that also improves it. But I think in general, we're eating far too much bread for most people. There
00:51:34
might be some people who can support it. And that's why it's good to test your glucose responses to it. But most bread
00:51:41
has too much sugar, not enough fiber, too many uh chemicals in it. And uh we
00:51:47
should be looking to other things for our nutrition. Have it as a rare treat. Have it just when you go to a restaurant
00:51:53
or whatever. But for most people, you know, it's it's a real red flag for me.
00:51:59
The other red flag that shocked me was my relationship with white rice because I'd grown up eating white rice and I
00:52:05
thought white rice was a great thing to have after I'd been to the gym with some chicken. So I I used to whenever I saw
00:52:11
white rice I thought it was great. And then I looked on Zoe and I had a 15 out of 100 relationship with white rice and
00:52:17
I think my girlfriend had a five out of 100 relationship with white rice. So I no longer have white rice. I've swapped
00:52:24
it out for I think quinoa is usually what we have in the house now. Nearly any grain is better than right white
00:52:30
rice. It's got more fiber. It's got more protein in it. It's got more nutrients in it. And rice is the most overrated
00:52:36
food I think even more so than bread because yeah, people think it's healthier than you know having potatoes
00:52:43
or pasta. They associate it with healthy things because often sometimes the rest of the meal is actually quite good
00:52:49
and you know vegetable curries or whatever it is often quite healthy. But the rice itself is really just sugar and
00:52:58
there's there's no have it as a rare treat. But so many other grains you can
00:53:03
have instead. Quinoas, barley, oats, um uh you know, or even putting in lentils
00:53:09
or legumes, you know, beans instead of that rice just makes it so much healthier.
00:53:14
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one I'm talking about. Grab your pod cover, send me a DM, and let me know how you get on. When you talk about your
00:54:02
habits being so important, I when you're eating and what you're eating and making sure that you carve out time to have
00:54:08
your meals, because I was telling you earlier, I think before we started recording, that I'm in a bit of a pattern at the moment of eating my first
00:54:14
meal of the day at like 400 p.m. or 5:00 p.m. because if I'm recording podcast or I'm doing something in the media or on TV, I don't like to eat before then. Um,
00:54:22
what is an example of great food habits? I want to know what what your food habits are on a perfect day. Say you
00:54:29
know this was your 10 out of 10 day. When would you eat? How many meals would you eat? And what times would would and
00:54:36
wouldn't you eat? Okay. So like you I have very busy days
00:54:41
where sometimes it goes out the window. And I think we got to realize that you got to try this sort of 8020 ideal. You
00:54:48
know you're trying to stick to something 80% of the time knowing that 20% it's
00:54:53
out of your control. Don't worry about it. And if you do that, you can do that sustainably for decades, right? It's the
00:55:00
people who are obsessed and say, "I mustn't break it." And if you broken it one day, okay, end of my brilliant
00:55:06
experiment. That's dafted. So if I'm at home, for example, working at home, I'm in control of things. I will not eat
00:55:15
anything before 11:00. I will have a black coffee because I know um that
00:55:21
wakes me up and I like it and it's also good for me. But I won't have anything else until 11:00. I'll go down and I fix
00:55:28
myself my bowl of uh full fat uh yogurt
00:55:34
and I'd put my diversity jar sprinkled in there and I'd see what else is in the
00:55:39
fridge. So I might have some berries if they're around at the moment. Plenty of seasonal berries. might get some from
00:55:45
the freezer if uh we're in the m, you know, we're in March or something. There's no no fresh berries. Uh or I
00:55:51
might just chop up an apple and put it in there. I'm getting my protein. I'm getting uh fat. You know, I I'm not
00:55:58
feeling hungry. Uh and having a dip in energy in the middle of the day that I I
00:56:04
would probably have if I hadn't eat anything. You said coffee. I have my coffee because I know it's good for me. Last
00:56:10
time we spoke, you were kind of on the fence about coffee. You were two trains of thought about whether it's good for
00:56:15
us or not. You're now saying you think it's good for us. Yeah. Well, I must have given the wrong impression to you, but coffee is
00:56:23
definitely a health food. Interesting. Okay. Um there are some people who don't tolerate it very well. They don't
00:56:29
tolerate the caffeine. A few percent of people, but even if you have decaf coffee, it's decent quality because
00:56:35
there's different ways of taking the the caffeine out. All the studies are now showing consistently that uh you will
00:56:43
have less heart disease and you'll live longer if you uh drink coffee and are
00:56:50
having sort of between one and four cups of coffee a day. That seems to be the sweet spot. Bit more than that, you've
00:56:57
probably got some problem. You know that coffee is actually a fermented plant.
00:57:03
So people don't think of it that way. They think, "Oh, it just comes in a jar. You know, I don't need to worry about it." But actually, you know, it comes
00:57:09
off a a tree. You get this pod, this bean. Um, you take it off, you break it
00:57:16
up, it then gets fermented on the floor of usually, you know, wherever it is in
00:57:21
Africa or Asia, where wherever it is, and it's humid. The microbes are working on it, breaking it down. Then you go and
00:57:27
dry it and uh roast it and that ends up being the coffee we have. So, the
00:57:34
microbes are playing a role in that. It's also a source of fiber. So, three
00:57:39
cups of coffee gives you around five grams of fiber, which is about a quarter
00:57:44
of your uh the average UK or US amount.
00:57:50
So, you know, it's not the main source of fiber, but it all helps. And in the US, it's often the main source of fiber
00:57:57
uh that they get. So polyphenols the fiber um also for many people it gets
00:58:05
them awake and alert has that effect of stopping tiredness. So if you if you're
00:58:10
careful with it you don't overdose on it and you know it doesn't give you heart fluctuations it's going to be actually
00:58:16
beneficial for you long term. So this is a great example of a food that we've
00:58:21
totally changed our minds on over the years. I initially my first research paper I ever wrote was that um coffee
00:58:29
causes cancer. Okay. So when I was a I was actually a medical student and I was very proud of
00:58:36
my paper and this is great and it was based on very poor studies done in the
00:58:42
1980s and it was complete rubbish. Um so I'm very happy that to go and correct
00:58:48
that mistake and tell people that you know you should much better to drink
00:58:54
coffee than say orange juice and orange juice is tends to be in the health section and coffee definitely in
00:59:02
the sort of recreational uh section and they really should be changed over. Most orange juice we have
00:59:09
is ultrarocessed high sugar very bad for most people. coffee is good for the vast
00:59:16
majority of people. What else have you been wrong about? What else have you changed your mind about over the last couple of years
00:59:22
because of the research that you now have? You know, the data you now have access to and the research that you've done.
00:59:28
Uh well, I was keen to avoid fats for a long time. Um I cut back on cheese
00:59:35
because I thought that's high in saturated fats, that can't be good for you. I would have bought low-fat
00:59:42
products before. Um, and so that most doctors were indoctrinated with that and
00:59:48
many doctors are still in that mindset that fat is bad and car, you know, carbs
00:59:53
and starch are good. um drinking lots of water was good for you.
00:59:59
And I now having researched it for the book know there's no hard data that you
01:00:05
should be drinking eight um glasses of water for example a day which is what
01:00:12
most of the um recommended government sites tell you. And obviously the drinks
01:00:18
industry is very keen to support that because you know the big companies the
01:00:24
the Cokes the Pepsis have moved into the water business and they're trying to sell everyone plastic bottled water
01:00:29
which is terrible for the planet. The idea that uh we're all deprived of
01:00:34
hydration and having all kinds of problems with it is is really made up. There's no hard evidence at all. And if
01:00:42
you look at um doctors who work on marathons, they see that far more people
01:00:47
die or have health problems from overhydrating in uh the marathon race than than
01:00:54
dehydrating. So the human body is really good at some things. You know, you think about our ancestors, they kind of knew
01:01:01
when you were thirsty, right? It's like, hang on, this is quite a, you know, and the idea that, oh, we've got no idea if
01:01:07
we're thirsty or not. um we need to be eating, you know, have a stopwatch to tell us to drink every hour on the hour
01:01:15
is obviously nonsense when you think about it. That's so true. My um for my birthday just gone, someone brought me
01:01:21
this massive like what's a way to describe it? Barrel
01:01:28
water bottle and it has like eight liters marked on the side of it. And they said to me when they gave it to me,
01:01:33
you need to drink that every day. And so the idea was that I put it on my desk as a reminder that I need to drink that
01:01:39
whole barrel before I finish work. Oh, I mean, you just think about it.
01:01:44
Well, you know, we've been evolving for millions of years, and you know, you
01:01:50
can't live long without water. Um, so clearly we a pretty good
01:01:56
mechanism we've inherited to tell us when we need to drink water and when we don't. And I I I just think that's uh
01:02:04
again marketing uh concept. All the soft drink the you know all this rehydration
01:02:10
these electrolytes all this stuff it's it's largely nonsense and it's just you
01:02:15
know again like the protein marketing idea is that uh and we're very susceptible to it because we like a a
01:02:22
quick fix or and there'll be a few people that say I feel better when I drink lots of water. Sure, you know, but
01:02:28
the idea that uh we're so out of control that, you know, someone needs to bring
01:02:34
us water every hour uh is madness and that there is, you know, there isn't this variation.
01:02:41
We got up to your lunch, so we did your breakfast sounded nice. Your lunch, what time do you typically eat lunch and what
01:02:47
do you typically have on a 10 out of 10 day where everything's going to plan?
01:02:53
I mean, it all varies and you know, I think I don't want to give the idea I'm always having the same lunch because I I
01:02:58
do try and vary it. Um, but if I'm on my own working, I'm not with friends or
01:03:04
whatever. Um, it would be a fairly quick affair and it would probably be a salad.
01:03:10
Um, and I would get a lettuce or um a grated cabbage. I
01:03:19
would throw whatever I have in the fridge in there and I would add some protein to it. So, I would add some
01:03:26
beans. I always keep cans of beans around. They cost nothing. They're huge
01:03:32
source of fiber and protein. Tip those in. They might be lentils. They might be um chickpeas. Might be standard mixed
01:03:39
beans. And um I'd put them in. If I had some cheese, I might chop that up. might
01:03:46
put a bit of mozzarella in there, olive oil, um balsamic vinegar. Um that' be
01:03:52
it. And if I'd had some sauerkraut or something, I might have that on the side, bit of ferment. And I've
01:04:00
increasingly recently since my I've been doing more research on this, I might make my salad dressing actually with
01:04:05
some fermented milk, some keier. And you just mix up the oil in vinegar
01:04:11
and you just at the last minute add in your uh ferment. So you're actually getting probiotics added to that that if
01:04:19
I'm on my own and a hurry that's that's probably what yeah reason but it would vary depending
01:04:27
on what I was taking what fruits what vegetables and yeah I would have fruit afterwards.
01:04:32
What kind of fruit do you do you like? I am I noticed on my Zoey app that bananas rank incredibly low for me. I think my
01:04:40
ranking on a banana out of 100 is 50. Now, I've been eating bananas like a monkey. I've always thought bananas were
01:04:46
just fantastic. So, I thought unlimited bananas were a great idea until I saw
01:04:52
the Zoey app and it said my score is 50 out of 100. Now, I've used up on the bananas and I'm having much more berries
01:04:57
because I do really well for red berries in particular. In fact, the order that I the Zoey had um fruits in is raspberries
01:05:06
were number one, cherries were number two, strawberries were third, then pears, then peaches, then apples, then
01:05:12
kiwis, then blueberries, then grapes, and then bananas were like 10th, 50 out of 100.
01:05:18
Well, I scored him worse than you. You'd be pleased to know. Um I used to eat lots of bananas and it was a thing you
01:05:24
just put in your backpack. Comes in its own packaging. You know, you can have it when you want. I thought this is super
01:05:30
healthy because I've seen, you know, Roger Federer um ate lots of bananas,
01:05:35
you know, he seemed pretty fit. Um and that's way we associated with with a marketing thing. Oh, lots of potassium,
01:05:42
you know, must be good for us really. Lots of sugar and they're not they're
01:05:47
not great for us. Uh my score was about 30 or something. So, it so I I still
01:05:53
have them occasionally because I, you know, enjoy them occasionally, but I don't have them every day like I used to. So, I now swapped them out for
01:05:58
pears. We have some great pears in this country, and they're always good. Uh,
01:06:04
apples and again, I'll have my my berries if if I've if I've got them. So,
01:06:10
um, and and, uh, kiwi fruits. I had to also give up grapes. I used to eat lots
01:06:16
of grapes and I used to love them, but get huge sugar spike with grapes, which
01:06:22
I know then, you know, would make me hungrier for the rest of the day. So, um, and I have them as a a treat. You
01:06:29
know, you might have some grapes once a month. They're still fine. So, I think we shouldn't ever say, "I'll never have those again." It's just like, what's
01:06:36
your staple? Mhm. Uh, what do you have? Most of the time, should you be swapping that for something just as tasty or nice or a
01:06:43
mixture of things? But get out of that rut just because someone told you that, you know, bananas good
01:06:49
has potassium in it and make you play tennis better. You know, it was it's that kind of mindset that we we really
01:06:55
need to change. And um and I guess it depends what else is on the plate. I remember Fria, who's the head of nutrition at Zoey, um her
01:07:02
telling me that the plate itself has its overall score. So if I had, you know, maybe something
01:07:08
that wasn't so good in isolation, but with a couple of other things that are really high ranking in terms of health
01:07:14
in gut microbiome, then the overall score comes up and it's really the average of the whole plate.
01:07:19
Yeah, it's exactly. I don't we the idea is we don't want to demonize one little thing. So, you might be obsessed with
01:07:26
mayonnaise, for example, you know, and I say to you, well, you can have a small amount of mayonnaise if it's going to
01:07:32
make you eat a salad. Mhm. And if that salad is high fiber, nutritious, it's got plenty of good
01:07:37
things in it, herbs and etc, etc., etc., or you know, a tiny bit of ketchup or
01:07:42
whatever, you know, I'd still be saying, yeah, you can try something else instead of those, but don't get hung up about it. And I think it's absolutely true
01:07:50
that you know nutrition has gone into this idea of this this is wrong this gives you cancer this is this is bad and
01:07:57
meat is a great example of that debate you know people ask me are you you know are you for meat are you against meat um
01:08:05
and I I've sort of changed I flipped on this as the evidence has changed I'm definitely against processed meats
01:08:12
ultrarocessed meats which are lowquality stuff put together in ready meal s, etc.
01:08:19
You know, you'd be much better off just having mushrooms or or beans instead of that mixed with it, a vegetarian version
01:08:25
of it. But real high quality meat in small amounts,
01:08:30
nothing really wrong with it as long as you have enough space on the rest of the plate to make up for it. What about the carnivore diet?
01:08:39
Well, I keep getting probably like you, you know, people come and say, you know, I heard you talking about um, you know,
01:08:48
not eating plants is bad, but I've been living for two years on the carnivore diet. I feel great, you know. And I say,
01:08:53
fine, there might be one in 10,000 people uh, that can exist with zero
01:09:00
fiber and zero plants and, you know, uh, you know, in uh, in the near the North
01:09:06
Pole, etc., Sure, there are people who exist on highfat and high protein diets. They've evolved for it. But vast
01:09:12
majority of people will suffer greatly by having
01:09:17
a denuded gut microbiome. And just eating meat is not what our
01:09:24
ancestors did anyway. Um, I've lived with the Hadza tribe for a week and they
01:09:30
eat a lot of vegetables and and and fruits and berries and nuts and seeds
01:09:37
and they still meat is a treat and three months of the year they have no meat because it's hard to catch, but they've
01:09:42
got all this other stuff. So, the idea that it's natural, that's what we did is is really wrong. And some people might
01:09:50
feel better briefly. You know, there's a difference between how people respond to uh fats particularly uh and carbs. So,
01:09:58
you might lose a bit of weight. A lot of that's actually uh they've done some studies showing people on high keto,
01:10:04
highfat protein diets, they lose weight quicker, but a lot of it is water.
01:10:09
Oh, okay. So, they're sort of drying out. And in a way, sometimes bodybuilders do that to
01:10:15
make them look more toned. But actually, long term, they don't lose that. uh and
01:10:21
it comes back and the main problem is their gut microbes are really crying out for food. So you're starving your gut
01:10:28
microbes if you're just on a meatonly diet. So there's no evidence that that
01:10:34
is healthy and lots of evidence that lack of fiber is really bad for you. So
01:10:39
remember that statistic we went back to just a five gram change in fiber. So if
01:10:45
these people, you know, so if the average uh is 20 grams a day and a carnivore diet person is on five or
01:10:54
less, then you we're talking, you know, 50% increases in heart disease and
01:11:01
reduced longevity. So, you know, people do what they want, but the the data
01:11:06
absolutely doesn't support it. Another thing that I have every day is chewing gum. And I was in the car because it's
01:11:12
in the center console of of the car that I that I'm driven around in the Dio car we call it. And there's like seven
01:11:18
different types of chewing gum. Now when I eat this chewing gum, it's there's this explosion of sweetness in my in the
01:11:25
first couple of bites. And I I I was thinking the other day as I was driving home, I was thinking I think I'm becoming a little bit compulsive. Like I
01:11:31
didn't need the chewing gum for any other reason than I think there's this. It's doing something in my brain. I grab it. I put one in. I throw it in the bed.
01:11:38
I grab another I threw it in the bin and I think I'm just doing it for that sugar burst. My question is broadly about
01:11:43
chewing gum, but are these artificial sweeteners that exist in the chewing gums that I'm probably eating
01:11:50
worse than just normal sugar. They're better for your teeth.
01:11:56
Okay. So, you will get less tooth decay. Yeah. By having the artificial sweeteners, but
01:12:02
most of them will be causing problems to your gut microbes. Okay. and not your mouth microbes as
01:12:08
well. So, anything you mess with in your mouth and your saliva, things like mouth
01:12:14
washes as well, these artificial ones, they're all shown to reduce your natural
01:12:20
gut microbes and actually cause more problems so that you're more prone to infections and actually more prone to
01:12:27
get overgrowth of bad microbes giving you bad breath. So, you know, you have this initial hit
01:12:34
which, you know, often the mouthwashes are similar in a way to that sort of instant gratification of the chewing gum
01:12:41
because it feels fresh and tangy in your in your mouth, but you're often killing off the good guys that are protecting
01:12:49
your your your mouth. And the worry I have is about this sweetness is it's it's sensitizing you to want more sweet
01:12:55
foods. So it probably make you hungrier for more carb foods later in the day.
01:13:01
Mhm. So I don't think there's anything particularly bad about chewing gum per se. Um other than if people chew a lot
01:13:08
of it sugary, you know, it will give you more uh uh dental decay.
01:13:14
But the artificial sweeteners are probably worse because they're having a negative effect on the gut micro on the
01:13:21
all the microbes from your mouth down to your gut. Mouthwash. I am a prolific mouthwash user. Oh dear.
01:13:26
I know. And they've done actual studies on this to show that um you know, yes, customer
01:13:34
consumers like it, you know, so like you probably like that feel of being fresh and doing something and having a tang in
01:13:40
the mouth a bit like a you know, a tangy chewing gum as well. Um a mint or, you
01:13:45
know, there's something nice in the brain that that says this is good. But
01:13:50
if you do it too much, you start to deform, you know, destroy your natural defense mechanism and microbes in your
01:13:57
tongue and your saliva are there to fight off other bugs and you're more likely to get um overgrowth of the wrong
01:14:03
ones and you may actually end up having worse smelling breath long term uh than
01:14:09
if you weren't using these chemicals. The topics I'm about to throw at you are very complicated and you're very good at
01:14:15
simplifying things. So everything I'm about to throw at you typically has a
01:14:21
whole industry of people behind it that have over complicated it and are selling courses about it and different hacks and
01:14:27
tr tips and tricks. If you could I would ask you just to give me a simple
01:14:32
solution to the things that I'm going to throw at you. The first one is weight
01:14:38
loss. There's not a simple solution. You have to
01:14:44
do something that's sustainable for long periods of time. So, forget the idea that it's really important to lose
01:14:50
weight over a few weeks. You want something that can maintain your weight at a good level for decades. And if you
01:14:59
are have a problem with really excess weight, you're uh
01:15:05
extremely obese, morbidly obese, um you need something radical.
01:15:11
diets are not going to do it. You need one of these new drugs um the uh GLP1s,
01:15:18
these injections, thempics, the wiggoies, or you need beriatric surgery
01:15:23
to get you down to that level. Something dramatic for most people. What do you think of those new drugs, thempics? And
01:15:29
I think they're amazing really for people that really need it. What about for Not for you. Not for you. Well, I've got
01:15:35
lots of friends that are in seemingly great shape that are taking these new
01:15:41
weight loss drugs and all that stuff. Well, they're mad. Why? There are lots of side effects that um
01:15:51
aren't worth the benefits. Not the benefits if you have any minor weight problems. the the benefits
01:15:58
outweigh the risks if you are so obese that your chance, you know, your 50/50
01:16:04
chance of having a heart dise heart heart attack in the next or a stroke in the next five years. So people with
01:16:10
morbid obesity have a worse prognosis than people with cancer. So it's, you know, like I've got cancer. What do I
01:16:16
do? I'll take a drug. I'll accept that it's got some side effects, but you know, I want to live. And they do work
01:16:22
for vast majority of people. for people who have only minor uh levels of uh
01:16:29
obesity just you know some love handles or whatever to cut out your all your appetite
01:16:35
signals in your brain. We don't know what that does long term and we don't we
01:16:40
do know that it it has can affect your pancreas. It can uh cause some rare cancers. It can do other stuff to your
01:16:47
digestive system that we're still you know a long way away from knowing. So
01:16:54
it's it's a drug for extreme obese problems that we've created through our ultrarocessed foods and people with
01:17:00
terrible diabetes etc. It is not something for uh the general population.
01:17:06
So for for those people it's firstly improving the quality of
01:17:11
your your diet is number one. So get down from an average of 60%
01:17:19
ultrarocessed food to something less than 20%.
01:17:24
find a consistent way to that's that's the first thing to do. And
01:17:31
then the next thing is to change your mindset about things. Don't get obsessed with with
01:17:37
calories. Start thinking about eating your 30 plants a week because that will naturally give you all the fiber and uh
01:17:46
change your appetite signals as well. The fitness community were quite disgruntled last time. I probably
01:17:52
disgruntled again now when you said what you said about calories because a lot of people do rely on the calories in calories out
01:18:00
system for weight loss. Yeah. Well, obesity experts don't. So,
01:18:06
it may be fine in gyms to talk about that. That's old science. We now know that that this calorie model from a
01:18:15
practical point of view is completely broken because we've been not talking
01:18:21
about the quality of food, the structure of food, all these different effects, these interindividual effects that we're
01:18:26
talking about. Meaning that counting calories is for vast majority of people
01:18:32
impossible or meaningless. So it it's and it's the the marketing and the
01:18:38
companies who are selling us these low calorie products. This idea that it's really simple. All you got to do is X,
01:18:43
Y, and Zed. You'll lose weight. That's what we're fighting here. And they may have influenced, you know, the gyms with
01:18:50
their uh special drinks and programs and people wanting the crash course of come
01:18:55
in here, you'll lose all this. You you'll gain muscle, you'll lose weight. You know, it's easy.
01:19:02
The evidence is very clear that if you restrict calories, you will lose weight, but 80% of people regain it pretty
01:19:09
quickly and will actually go over the other end if they haven't changed their
01:19:14
diet in terms of quality and taken care of what they're eating. And there's good
01:19:20
evidence that people that follow uh a program where they are not focusing on
01:19:26
calories, but they are focusing on food quality. Um they're looking at their sugar peaks, they're looking at their
01:19:32
fat levels, they're looking at their gut microbes, they are looking at the time of day they're eating, they're looking
01:19:37
at the how to eat just thoughtfully and not talking about fat levels and you
01:19:43
know avoiding all these foods that we've been talking about. they will consistently
01:19:49
lose small amounts of weight. Not large amounts, but small consistent amounts that don't make them more hungry. And
01:19:55
the key is do things that don't make you hungrier. The reason calorie restriction doesn't work is our evolution tells us
01:20:02
to ramp up the appetite uh the hunger signal. Obvious, you know, uh it's the
01:20:08
same way if you do exercise, it makes you hungrier. We have this inbuilt mechanism. That's why the only drugs
01:20:15
that methods that work are these drugs like um
01:20:21
ampic wiggoi that act on the appetite. They act on the brain. They from the gut
01:20:27
sends a signal to the brain switches off the appetite signal. Otherwise
01:20:33
you you just reduce calories or you increase exercise. That appetite signal is just going right up there and you can
01:20:39
carry on resisting it for a while. Most people have tried this. They know and it gets harder and harder every week and
01:20:45
then suddenly you crack and then you say, "Oh, I've I've given up now. I'm I'm back." And often you swing above it.
01:20:52
Yo-yo. Yeah. And that and that yo-yoing is probably the worst thing you can do because it just makes your you know,
01:20:59
you've got no consistency. On that point of exercise, there was a lot of contention last time we spoke around the
01:21:04
subject matter of exercise because a lot of people go out and do cardiovascular
01:21:10
exercise. is they run on a running machine in order to try and lose weight. But you and many other people that I've spoken to have said that that's not a
01:21:16
great strategy for weight loss. Yes. The lots of studies have done and
01:21:22
said people are trying, you know, to lose weight conventional by conventional
01:21:27
means. We're not talking the Zoey method, but the oldfashioned ways of calorie restriction or, you know,
01:21:33
changing to keto diets or whatever it is. And if those people are put on
01:21:38
exercise or no exercise at the same time, does it help them? And uh
01:21:44
generally it doesn't. Okay. So um and if you do exercise alone
01:21:51
um then there's no evidence as many people gain weight as lose weight on
01:21:57
exercise. So you think why is that? Well, if you think it through, exercise
01:22:06
uh is a and I'm not knocky XI. I exercise every day. I love it. It's great for my brain and my heart and
01:22:12
everything else and reduces lots of diseases. But people have got to separate that from weight loss if we're
01:22:18
going to make any progress here. And if you got too much, you know, excess fat
01:22:23
on your body, exercise alone is a terrible way to deal with it because you're like saying, "I'm not going to deal with my diet. I'm just going to run
01:22:29
it off in the gym and keep taking my supplements and do everything else. And what happens for most people is that
01:22:37
their metabolism slows down. The signals of hunger increase
01:22:44
after exercise. And psychologically people think, "Oh, well, I've done some exercise. I've burnt off
01:22:50
those calories. You know, I can have that donut or whatever." And so subconsciously they're also maybe
01:22:57
snacking slightly more than they would be. And that's why for
01:23:02
most people it doesn't work. Now I know people got upset last year but some people it does work.
01:23:08
And this is probably there's a different response. We don't all respond to exercise with appetite signals exactly
01:23:16
the same way. But for as many people it did work. There are people that made
01:23:21
them actually put on weight. Do you see what I mean? That's why the studies show no difference. So you always find
01:23:28
someone who writes to you say, "Stephen, this guy's an idiot because I, you know, I did this and I lost uh, you know, 10
01:23:33
kilos." But this, you know, exactly someone else will say, "I did this and I
01:23:38
gained 10 kilos and I thought I was doing the right thing." So the point is,
01:23:44
you can't rely on it. And it's when there's something obviously modifiable
01:23:50
like your diet, it's so easy. We've got so much choice now and what to eat. We're not forced to eat ultrarocessed
01:23:56
foods or lowfat this or or whatever. You know, we can make those choices. We
01:24:01
should be doing that. Not trying to saying am I lucky? Am I that small percentage of person that can do this purely from working out more in the gym?
01:24:09
Supplements you mentioned there. That's the next thing I wanted to ask you about supplements, vitamins. My
01:24:15
house used to be stacked with supplements. And then after our conversation last time round, I look at
01:24:21
them, most of them, like they've lied to me. Like I've been a victim of marketing of sorts. And I've got every bloody
01:24:27
supplement. I've got your omega-3, vitamin D, electrolytes, calcium, you
01:24:32
name it, it's still in my house. Mhm. What is your view on these supplements?
01:24:38
Well, in general, my view hasn't changed at all. that the vast majority of supplements are completely worthless.
01:24:46
But there are some that are useful for some people some of the time
01:24:52
like um like there are some people who have vitamin D deficiency who
01:24:58
black people um yes uh some black people black
01:25:03
darkkinned people living in places with very low you know if they're living in Scotland uh and they might have poor
01:25:11
diets that don't have much vitamin D in it those people could probably do with do with some supple suppmentation over
01:25:17
winter because they produce less vitamin D than people with lighter skin. Yes. The
01:25:23
lighter skin evolved as a mutation uh as uh humans came out of Africa in order in
01:25:31
order to survive in lower sunlight areas. So naturally uh whiter skinned
01:25:37
people have a they're less protected against the sun but they have a better vitamin D production system. So
01:25:44
generally darker skin have more problems. So I used to see many patients
01:25:49
uh and often they don't go in the sun either because culturally uh you know they cover themselves up and so that
01:25:56
that's a problem. So there definitely are people who can take benefit from taking some of these vitamin. I'm not
01:26:02
saying that at all but the idea that everybody should be taking them is just madness. uh there's no evidence that in
01:26:10
my field of osteoporosis that taking vitamin D and calcium actually prevents
01:26:16
uh osteoporosis or bone disease. Although for years and years and years we thought it did, but all the big
01:26:21
studies now show that's not true. If you take calcium, uh all the studies are suggesting that not only does it not
01:26:28
have any benefit in terms of uh bone or muscle health, but it can adversely
01:26:35
affect your heart. So, because the calcium you get in in capsules or
01:26:40
supplements, you're taking one big lump of it at a time rather than getting it
01:26:46
in your green vegetables, which would be slowly broken down and absorbed in your gut in ways that your body can deal
01:26:52
with. So, you're getting this, it's like someone injecting it into your vein, is very different to being slowly given
01:26:58
it uh throughout 24 hours as the way nature intended. What what supplements then could most of us benefit from
01:27:05
taking? If you have a good diet, you won't need
01:27:12
any supplements. But most of us don't have a good diet. So, so what do you do? Do you promote
01:27:18
supplements and say, "Don't worry about your diet," which is what the marketing companies want and the vitamin companies want. They want us to forget the diet.
01:27:25
Keep the ultrarocessed food stuff coming. Keep it all coming, guys. this junk food, no real whole foods, no
01:27:31
plants, no fruits. That's fine. You guys are going to need some vitamins. And
01:27:37
that may be true for people on very poor diets, you know, only eat beige food. Maybe they do need some uh supplements,
01:27:45
but I think there's no evidence. However, there is very little evidence that people who do take supplements are
01:27:52
any healthier than people that don't take supplements. So it's not so you could say people say oh it's like an
01:27:58
insurance policy I'm taking this insurance policy therefore that's a really good reason to take multivitamins
01:28:04
etc. And I've heard that said even from some epidemiologists and doctors but to
01:28:11
my mind uh just as likely to do you harm as it is to do you any good and it
01:28:16
definitely is affecting your wallet. What about omega-3? I take that as well.
01:28:21
The trials of that have shown it doesn't work uh for reducing heart disease or um
01:28:29
any other major disease unless you've just had a heart attack. Alcohol. I've just given up alcohol. Not
01:28:36
really told anybody this, but about two months ago now, I decided that I could
01:28:41
see no net positive in my life. There wasn't any sort of social lubricant, which sometimes people site as being the
01:28:48
reason to drink alcohol. So, I gave it up entirely and and it's been really an interesting experiment in giving up
01:28:53
alcohol. I was one of the people that sat right on the fence. Didn't think I had a bad relationship with it. Um, didn't have a huge reason to drink it.
01:29:00
Didn't drink it that often anyway. And then I decided one day I'll run the experiment of just quitting and see what
01:29:05
it's like. And there's been multiple situations where just out and about waiters who are maybe a little bit
01:29:12
poorly trained have literally tried to force me to drink alcohol. Like one particular waiter was like, "Go on. This is not alcohol. this is art. I'm just
01:29:19
going to leave the bottle here right in front of you if you change your mind. That one particular waiter. Um and then
01:29:26
all the other social context where you're just like for it's just assumed that you drink. What is your stance on
01:29:31
alcohol? Well, you certainly don't need it. Okay. So um
01:29:39
most the studies are pretty consistent say that the more alcohol you drink the
01:29:44
more your chances of all kinds of diseases and problems. There are some exceptions to that that
01:29:54
comes down often to Mediterranean effect. People who drink a glass or two
01:29:59
of red wine do seem to have less heart disease, but they won't be protected from other
01:30:05
conditions. So, they won't be protected, you know, from cancers or um uh some
01:30:12
strokes etc. and lifespan is sort of unclear in that particular group. So, in
01:30:18
general, alcohol is bad for you. There's no no doubt. But and so if you don't
01:30:24
drink, I don't think I would say to you, Stephen, you're wrong. You need to be start drinking uh red wine.
01:30:32
But for those people who who do drink or drink occasionally small amounts, what I
01:30:38
would say to you is do there are some drinks that are healthier than others. And red wine is one that's
01:30:45
been shown to reduce by about 30% your risk of a heart disease in most studies.
01:30:51
And it's not clear absolutely clearcut, but if you drink too much, it's actually goes bad again for you. So, it's really
01:30:58
quite a small window. Um, and there might be some other drinks in the future that might be healthy. And this comes
01:31:05
back to plants because when you're drinking wine, you're drinking fermented grapes, right? So, the alcohol is bad.
01:31:11
Fermented grapes are good. So, in the future, I'd like to see us getting nearly zero alcohol wines. And
01:31:19
they they are coming. And I I I tasted some from Canada etc. where you can get like a 1% wine that you can't 1% by the
01:31:28
way is someone seen kombuchas you can't metabolize it you don't notice it and if they have all those benefits they could
01:31:34
be that new era of actually healthy alcohols and there might be some ciders
01:31:40
as well because they've got the skin of the apple but virtually all the other alcohols uh have no real uh health
01:31:47
benefit. What about sleep and the gut microbiome? I've I've wondered if there was a
01:31:52
connection between how well I sleep. Sleep has become this obsession in my life. I I feel like I'm a competitive
01:31:58
sleeper now. Uh I really enjoy the process. I've seen the variance in a well-slept night and a poorly slept
01:32:03
night on how on my mood um how I perform, how I'm how my brain works. What does the research say about the
01:32:10
role that sleep plays on our gut microbiome and on our nutrition?
01:32:17
They're all interlin. So, a bad night's sleep means that the next day you're
01:32:22
going to have a bigger sugar spike to the same bagel or uh breakfast that you
01:32:29
had. Sorry. Sorry. If I have a bad night's sleep, the same food will give me a bigger sugar spike.
01:32:34
Yes. So, it upsets all of your metabolism, right?
01:32:40
So, as you were saying, I feel better after a good night's sleep. Your body's metabolism is also different. So, a
01:32:47
disrupted night's sleep means that uh your body will overreact to sugar.
01:32:52
You're more likely to have a sugar dip after it and feel tired. And you're more likely to feel hungry and crave more
01:33:00
carbohydrates after a bad night. And I think most people listening will think of that. said, "Yeah, I've had a really
01:33:05
rotten night's sleep." You sort of get up and you your body craves something to to help you through this, you know, and
01:33:13
everything is is out of a sink. And people who are sleeping poorly
01:33:19
will have uh less healthy gut microbes than those that don't. We we don't yet
01:33:24
know which way round that relationship goes, whether sleep is driving the microbiome or the microbiome is is
01:33:31
affecting sleep, but we know they're interrelated. So the other thing we've shown is that generally as you found our
01:33:38
body likes to a consistent pattern of activity and rest. So going to sleep at
01:33:44
the same time, waking up the same time is really good for your body. You feel better and nourished. Now if people are
01:33:52
say changing by a couple of hours, hour and a half, two hours at the weekends,
01:33:58
they're sleeping later and waking up later. This affects also their sugar
01:34:05
responses and their gut microbes. So we know that this consistency of approach
01:34:11
is really important for everything in your body. Now, it doesn't mean I don't want to tell people they should never go
01:34:17
out or party because, you know, social networking is great fun. But just think
01:34:23
of that in mind, particularly if it's in your control and it's just, you know, watching another Netflix movie, you know, because it's the weekend may not
01:34:30
be the smartest thing to do if you want to feel really good long term. And it's this consistency is coming out again um
01:34:38
linking this this idea of nutrition, how we respond to food, but also involving our gut microbes. So yeah, sleep is
01:34:45
incredibly important. It's all part of the holistic message. Someone told me that the the time when we eat is setting our circadian rhythm
01:34:52
more than many other things that we do. I used to think that light was the thing that was
01:34:57
had the greatest influence over my circadian rhythm, my like internal body's clock, what time my body thinks
01:35:03
it is, but food has a big impact on that circadian rhythm. So, absolutely. Yeah. All the studies are
01:35:09
pointing to that. So, I used to think like you that yeah, you know, when I was going to the US or whatever, the most
01:35:15
important thing was to get out there and get in the sunlight and whatever and not worry about my meals and just eat
01:35:20
because when I'm jetlagged, I was always hungry anyway. M but now you know really focusing on
01:35:27
fasting and trying to eat at the time of where you're the time zone you're trying to fit into is much more important than
01:35:34
than sunlight. So yeah, meal timings are increasingly important in science and I
01:35:41
think this is one of the really new exciting areas and it all fits in with this idea of, you know, getting your
01:35:47
your rest periods really well worked out, your activity periods, not messing them up, not eating when you're supposed
01:35:52
to be resting and uh not doing things out of sync. And so the people that do
01:35:59
deal with uh time changes and jet lag, generally they're often fasting on
01:36:04
planes now, not eating all the food that's offered and and thinking about what how they want to kickstart their
01:36:11
new clock when they when they get to their destination. So this idea that I had of getting my assistant to schedule what time I work
01:36:18
out every day and what time I eat every day is a good idea. Yes. As long as it doesn't become
01:36:23
obsessional, I would say because some people of that with me.
01:36:29
So, you know, people listening, I think these are often good ideas, but again, if you go for the 8020 rule because you
01:36:35
can get obsessed about anything, whether it's exercise, it's training, it's sleeping, and then you get anxious about it if you don't do it every day. So,
01:36:43
realize it's important, but realize some things are more important than your schedule. Okay? And things like friends
01:36:49
and having fun and and you know, absolutely crucial. And this is all part of our, you know, philosophy we've been
01:36:55
trying to build with Zoe is about food is about enjoyment. And we we mustn't break it down to mathematical formulas
01:37:02
all the time. Got to realize that life is important to do everything. Uh, and
01:37:08
you know, we can all have a day off. My last question, I think, is maybe one that
01:37:14
nobody's asked you before. I'm sure a lot of people have probably asked you it. Um,
01:37:20
I'm a dog owner. I've got a little French bulldog who's 8 years old now called Pablo.
01:37:27
When I was pouring his food out today, it dawned on me that his food is heavily, heavily, heavily processed. Do
01:37:32
you have any advice on what we should be feeding our pets, our dogs, our cats?
01:37:40
Before we started Zoe, I did think of doing a gut dog dog microbiome u map my
01:37:48
pet uh project. And I did look into this, but so I'm not up to date on it, but there's lots of evidence that the
01:37:55
the food the pellets uh I used to give our dogs, which I thought were great,
01:38:00
are the equivalent of ultrarocessed foods, just like you said, and that dogs who are given whole foods live longer
01:38:08
and have less diabetes, put on weight less, and are much healthier. So I
01:38:13
believe that the same thing that applies to humans applies to dogs. the canned
01:38:19
stuff that smelled horrible as is they still use that, but we were told that the pellets were healthier and because
01:38:25
they contained all these extra vitamins and it was this concentrated source that was perfect for them. And if you look at
01:38:31
it, it's exactly the same as ultrarocessed food. And that's probably why our pets are getting as obese as we
01:38:38
are. They're getting diabetes, they're getting chronic diseases, they're getting arthritis. And I think there is
01:38:44
some evidence, I'm not sure how good it is, that if you convert them to whole food diets, whole meats, just eating the
01:38:52
same that uh we would might be eating or eating our our scraps, they will do better. So maybe you should try that.
01:38:58
I I I do I was thinking this when I saw the numbers. I heard that Zoe now has more than 100,000 members and I thought,
01:39:05
you know, getting to look at the data of 100,000 people. I'm not saying that you look at the data, but just having access
01:39:10
to the patterns and the insights that you get from such a huge amount of people, many of which tens of thousands
01:39:17
of which are inputting food diaries every day. You must have had so many like Eureka moments or incredible
01:39:24
insights from that bird's eye view that like there must be some things that are just you you've grown in conviction and
01:39:31
passion about because of that perspective. Well, we're seeing things that we've never seen before. We've discovered
01:39:38
4,000 new species of micro just, you know, in the last few months. Uh each of
01:39:44
these could be totally novel or useful for therapeutics um or diagnostics. Uh
01:39:50
we found things like this this parasite, the blastoystus. Um we're finding links with new foods
01:39:57
that we could start to give people advice on about which which foods to eat to improve which microbe. And you know,
01:40:04
as we go forward in the future, we'll be able to perhaps predict micro uh combinations that look like they might
01:40:10
prevent cancer and uh heart disease or interact with your medications to make
01:40:16
anti-depressants more effective or hormone replacement treatment more effective. So I think it's all happened
01:40:23
so fast and it uh and it's just incredible that the response that we've had Zoe and the people are all
01:40:29
contributing their data to this community that I you know very soon we're going to be a million people and
01:40:35
it's such an exciting time for scientists like myself knowing that uh you know we're going to unravel all
01:40:41
these secrets and uh who knows where it's going to lead.
01:40:48
last time I asked you a question because because when we share so much advice on food, I think it's it's nice to close on
01:40:56
an overarching principle, nice overarching philosophy for everybody to take away from this
01:41:02
conversation and everything we've discussed. What in your words would that overarching principle or philosophy be
01:41:07
towards our health and our nutrition and our diets? You can't go wrong if you do things that
01:41:14
are going to be good for your gut microbes. And so thinking on behalf of your gut
01:41:21
microbes or your pets as you call them, think what would they want to eat? How would they want you to behave? And if
01:41:28
you do that, you're going to be eating all the right things and avoiding all the bad things. And all the rest
01:41:34
generally follows. I think that's the simplest advice I can. you know, if and
01:41:40
realizing that when you eat food, you know, you're not alone. You've got these trillions of microbes there waiting for
01:41:47
your every move and your choice. The closing tradition on this podcast is
01:41:53
that the last guest leaves a question for the next guest, not knowing who they're going to leave it for. And I love this because it changes direction a
01:41:58
little bit. The question that's been left for you is, what is a modern
01:42:03
positive vision of masculinity?
01:42:12
Did you save that one especially for me other [Laughter]
01:42:18
um have you got sons? I've got a son. Yes.
01:42:24
Um so I got to think like him. Have I? Um what's a positive vision for his masculinity and a modern one?
01:42:36
It's probably someone who's prepared to go 50/50 on all the chores in the house
01:42:42
at the moment. I think that's the uh uh I think masculinity is going through a
01:42:47
tough time at the moment and um I think uh realize there is a
01:42:53
revolution going on. So, I think it's it's definitely about being flexible. Mhm.
01:42:58
And losing a lot of those those stereotypes and uh going with the flow.
01:43:04
That's what I would advise him. Too late for me, but um it's a confusing thing. That's what the
01:43:09
guest was talking about how young men are very confused in their masculinity, what it means, what it is to be a man,
01:43:14
what it's not to be a man these days and really trying to give he was that guest was really trying to give men an answer
01:43:19
for that question of like young you know masculinity because the data shows young men are suffering um tremendously if you
01:43:26
look at the suicide rates or if you look at the you know um employment rates or the education rates or uh dating all
01:43:33
those in those areas. So there's a bit of a, as you say, a revolution going on in masculinity and what it means to be a
01:43:38
man. Yeah. Don't be ashamed to be male, but be flexible and try to adapt to the the changing world. I think that's that's
01:43:44
it. Tim, thank you so much. Thank you for your wisdom. You've definitely changed my life. And I know from all the
01:43:50
feedback I got in our last conversation, you've changed the lives of many, many people through your work, but also more broadly through what Zoe's doing. I can
01:43:58
only speak for myself. Obviously, I'm I have a relationship with Zo. I'm an investor in the company and I they sponsor the podcast. But in my life, the
01:44:04
key the significant changes that I've seen because of the insight and the the fact that Zoe has turned the lights onto
01:44:10
my nutrition have been I for pretty much my whole life I had gut problems and I didn't really know why and I just
01:44:16
accepted it. I had was always bloated, had pains in my um my gut and I just
01:44:21
thought it was normal, you know? I thought, as a lot of people probably think, I thought I was broken in some
01:44:28
way and this was just the way that my body was born. And then as I've done this podcast, I've realized to not accept this idea that I was born broken
01:44:35
in any area of my life and to to look a little bit more about how there might be a misalignment between what my body
01:44:40
wants and what the modern world is giving it. And through Zoe, I was able to completely remove that um decadel
01:44:48
long pain in my gut by focusing on foods that had a good relationship with me. So, I thank Zoe for that and I thank you
01:44:54
for that and the work that you do in spreading the message because a lot of the things you say, you know,
01:45:01
they ruffle feathers and they and I think I think when things are positively disruptive, it's an inevitability that
01:45:09
they ruffle feathers because there is an incumbent that has experienced cognitive dissonance. There's an incumbent that
01:45:14
feels threatened or challenged in such a way. But I think that's how innovation and positive change occurs. So, thank you.
01:45:20
Pleasure. Hope it works. [Music]
01:45:25
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[Music]
01:46:27
a [Music] oh
01:46:33
a [Music]